5-HT、SP在海洛因戒断、脱毒、复吸大鼠直肠组织中的表达

目的:探讨海洛因戒断、脱毒及复吸期间大鼠直肠内5-羟色胺(5-HT)、P物质(SP)表达的改变.方法:正常古SD大鼠,随机分为实验组、盐水对照组和正常对照组,实验组分别建立海洛因依赖戒断模型,美沙酮脱毒治疗模型和海洛因复吸模型.取各组大鼠直肠组织,采用免疫组织化学SABC法及图像分析方法进行研究.结果:与正常对照组及盐...     

EGF、SS在海洛因戒断、脱毒、复吸大鼠颌下腺组织中的表达

目的:研究表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)、生长抑素(somatostatin,SS)在海洛因戒断、脱毒及复吸大鼠颌下腺组织中表达的变化.方法:正常♂SD大鼠35只,随机分为正常对照组(NCG,n=5)、盐水对照组(SCG1、SCG2、SCG3,各组n=5)及实验组(n=5),实验...     

伏隔核DBS对大鼠海洛因强化作用的影响

目的观察脑深部电刺激伏隔核核心部对大鼠海洛因强化作用的影响。方法用固定比率程序建立大鼠海洛因自身给药模型,随机分为刺激组(6只)和假刺激组(6只),训练累进比率程序达稳定状态后,两组大鼠行双侧伏隔核核心部微电极植入。刺激组大鼠每日给予高频电刺激1h(频率130Hz,电流150μA,波宽100μs),连续10d。刺激结束后两组大鼠进行累进比率程序测试。两组大鼠在刺激前、后分别测试自发活动;累进比率程序测试结束后进行Morris水迷宫实验。结果在累进比率程序测试中,刺激组大鼠的有效鼻触数(211.17±98.31)和注射次数(10.83±1.72)均明显少于假刺激组的有效鼻触数(356.17±66.25)及注射次数(13.50±1.05),且具有统计学差异(P<0.05);两组大鼠在总活动度和水迷宫中的表现均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论脑深部电刺激大鼠伏隔核核心部可以明显减低海洛因的强化作用,降低大鼠获取海洛因的动机,且不会影响其活动度及学习记忆能力。     

慢性阿片类物质依赖者额叶白质完整性的DTI研究

目的 观察慢性阿片类物质依赖者额叶白质微结构,探讨其脑功能损害的结构病理基础.资料与方法 搜集慢性阿片类物质依赖者27例(OD组),健康受试者15名(C组),行头颅扩散张量成像(DTI)检查,运用感兴趣区的方法分别测量双侧额叶连续4个层面上各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)、表观扩散系数(ADC)及平行(λ//)和垂直(λ)方向的本征值,采用两样本t检验的方法观察组间各指标的差异.结果 与C组相比,OD组双侧额叶FA值降低,λ升高,组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);而ADC值和λ//在两组间差异无统计学意义.结论 慢性阿片类物质依赖者双侧额叶白质完整性破坏,且以髓鞘破坏为主,这可能成为造成依赖者脑功能异常的部分原因.     

Relationship of Personality Traits and Drug of Choice by Cocaine Addicts and Heroin Addicts

The link between specific personality profiles and a single psychotropic drug of choice is still unclear and only partially explored. The present study compares three groups of male subjects: 85 patients manifesting heroin dependence (age: 30.07 ± 2.78), 60 patients manifesting cocaine dependence (age: 31.96 ± 3.1), and 50 healthy subjects from a random population sample (age: 33.25 ± 1.45). The patients included in the study showed a long-lasting history of dependence on heroin or cocaine, respectively, 5.2 ± 2.5 years, 4.6 ± 2.9 years, and were stabilized in treatment, and abstinent, at least 4 weeks at the time of the diagnostic assessment. Heroin addicts (52.90%) were on methadone maintenance treatment. Cocaine addicts (11.60%) were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Personality traits were measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) and Cloninger's Three-dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). Character and quantification of aggressiveness were measured by the Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Heroin-dependent patients (group A) scored significantly higher on hysteria, masculine–feminine and social introversion subscales of the MMPI, and significantly lower on the harm avoidance (HA) subscale of the TPQ than cocaine addicts. In contrast, scores on the MMPI for hypochondria, psychopathic deviance, and paranoia dimensions were more elevated in cocaine addicts than in heroin-dependent patients. Cocaine addicts scored higher than heroin addicts on the “direct” aggressiveness subscale and on the BDHI total score. Cocaine addicts did not differ from healthy controls on harm avoidance (behavioral control). Although cocaine addicts showed more consistent psychopathic deviance and overt aggressiveness than heroin addicts, higher harm avoidance (behavioral control), hypochondria (or worry about their health), and social extroversion may reduce their proneness to overt antisocial behavior and allow relatively higher levels of social integration. The study's limitations are noted.     

Lemon Juice as a Solvent for Heroin in Spain

Preliminary observations and responses to interviews in Valencia, Spain reveal that injecting drug users (IDUs) dissolve heroin before injection with two or three drops of lemon juice. Solution in lemon juice makes heating of heroin in water unnecessary. This pattern apparently developed spontaneously in Spain, but is almost unknown elsewhere in the world. Its implications for IDUs' health remain speculative, but use of lemon juice to dissolve heroin for injection deserves further scientific study.     

HEPATITIS C AMONG NONINJECTING DRUG USERS: A REPORT

Objectives: This report documents the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among self-reported noninjecting drug users recruited from two New York City neighborhoods. Methods: Participants were recruited in separate studies from East Harlem and the Lower East Side of Manhattan and were administered structured questionnaires and tested for HCV. Results: HCV prevalence rates among those reporting no history of injecting drugs ranged from 5% to 29%, according to age, gender, and study location. Conclusions: Our results suggest that more research is needed to elucidate potential noninjecting routes of HCV transmission among drug users. Moreover, policies that rely predominantly on injector status as the only drug-related risk factor for HCV screening need to be reassessed in light of these findings.     

APPRECIATING THE USER'S PERSPECTIVE: LISTENING TO THE “METHADONIANS”

Researchers have long neglected the user's perspective and experiences in assessing drug effects and drug use. With increased interest in Canada directed at prescribing heroin in place of methadone, researchers took the relatively unique approach of gathering data and information from methadone users to determine their views and experiences with methadone programs and alternative treatment choices. The results of that research portrayed very interesting and useful notions of users regarding methadone maintenance and the prescribing of heroin.     

From “Kickeando las malias” (Kicking the Withdrawals) to “Staying clean”: The Impact of Cultural Values on Cessation of Injection Drug Use in Aging Mexican-American Men

Drug use among older adults is a growing concern, particularly for the burgeoning Hispanic population. Older adults seeking drug treatment will double over the next decade to almost 6 million. Cultural factors influence drug use, and more specifically, Hispanic cultural values influence heroin use. This study explored Mexican-American injection drug users’ adherence to traditional Hispanic cultural values and their impact on cessation. Ethnographic interviews endorsed contextualized influences of values on heroin use. Cultural values functioned dichotomously, influencing both initiation and cessation. Understanding the impact of cultural values on substance abuse is critical given the changing demographics in American society.     

Low-Frequency Heroin Injection among Out-of-Treatment, Street-Recruited Injection Drug Users

In this paper, we explore the understudied phenomenon of “low-frequency” heroin injection in a sample of street-recruited heroin injectors not in drug treatment. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,410 active injection drug users (IDUs) recruited in San Francisco, California from 2000 to 2005. We compare the sociodemographic characteristics and injection risk behaviors of low-frequency heroin injectors (low-FHI; one to 10 self-reported heroin injections in the past 30 days) to high-frequency heroin injectors (high-FHI; 30 or more self-reported heroin injections in the past 30 days). Fifteen percent of the sample met criteria for low-FHI. African American race, men who have sex with men (MSM) behavior, and injection and noninjection methamphetamine use were independently associated with low-FHI. Compared to high-FHI, low-FHI were less likely to report syringe sharing and nonfatal heroin overdose. A small but significant proportion of heroin injectors inject heroin 10 or less times per month. Additional research is needed to qualitatively examine low-frequency heroin injection and its relationship to drug use trajectories.