颈椎自张式记忆合金椎间融合器山羊动物模型实验研究

目的建立颈椎自张式记忆合金椎间融合器山羊动物模型,比较其与三面皮质髂骨、钛网的融合效果及并发症。方法18只成年公山羊随机分为自体三面皮质髂骨（A组）、钛网（B组）、记忆合金椎间融合器（C组）3组,均行C4椎体次全切除植骨术,附加颈前路钢板内固定。术后即刻及12周摄颈椎X线片,术后12周取标本行组织学检查。结果A组出现1例髂骨血肿,B组出现1例不全瘫及1例钛网下沉,B组、C组出现1例切口感染。术后12周各组山羊颈椎获得放射学及组织学融合。C组山羊颈椎获得牢固的椎体间融合。结论颈椎自张式记忆合金椎间融合器可获得满意的融合效果,手术并发症较少。     

Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in mixed flocks: Multiple evidence of dual infection and natural transmission of types A2 and B1 between sheep and goats

Previous molecular analyses of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) populations in single species herds in Quebec, Canada, have revealed a relatively simple structure where goats and sheep appeared exclusively infected with B1 and A2 subtypes respectively. The present work aimed at extending these earlier findings with the analysis of SRLVs in mixed flocks. Molecular analyses revealed a more complex picture of SRLV population structure in mixed herds compared to single species herds. Notably, phylogenetic analyses of long gag sequences strongly support transmission of A2 subtype from sheep to goats as well as transmission of B1 subtype from goats to sheep. Hence, this work uncovered for the first time natural transmission between sheep and goats of North American subtype A2. In addition, multiple evidences of mixed infection of sheep and goats with A2 and B1 subtypes were found. The data reported in this study reinforces the concept of a genetic continuum of SRLVs where strains are exchanged between sheep and goats under favourable conditions and in the absence of specific species barriers. Most interestingly, this study suggests that dual infection, which is a hallmark of the lentivirus paradigm HIV, may not be such rare events in small ruminants but may simply be understudied and underreported. Overall, the present data shows that sheep and goats in Canada can be infected with both SRLV A and B types, sometimes simultaneously, and that mixed flocks may represent a breeding ground for their evolution.     

Reversible pulmonary trunk banding. IX. G6PD activity of adult goat myocardium submitted to ventricular retraining

Objective

Increased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity has been demonstrated in heart failure. This study sought to assess myocardial glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in retraining of the subpulmonary ventricle of adult goats.

Methods

Eighteen adult goats were divided into three groups: traditional (fixed banding), sham, and intermittent (adjustable banding, daily 12-hour systolic overload). Systolic overload (70% of systemic pressure) was maintained during a 4-week period. Right ventricle, pulmonary artery and aortic pressures were measured throughout the study. All animals were submitted to echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluations throughout the protocol. After the study period, the animals were killed for morphological and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity assessment.

Results

A 55.7% and 36.7% increase occurred in the intermittent and traditional right ventricle masses, respectively, when compared with the sham group (P<0.05), despite less exposure of intermittent group to systolic overload. No significant changes were observed in myocardial water content in the 3 groups (P=0.27). A 37.2% increase was found in right ventricle wall thickness of intermittent group, compared to sham and traditional groups (P<0.05). Right ventricle glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was elevated in the traditional group, when compared to sham and intermittent groups (P=0.05).

Conclusion

Both study groups have developed similar right ventricle hypertrophy, regardless less systolic overload exposure of intermittent group. Traditional systolic overload for adult subpulmonary ventricle retraining causes upregulation of myocardial glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. It may suggest that the undesirable "pathologic systolic overload" is influenced by activation of penthose pathway and cytosolic Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate availability. This altered energy substrate metabolism can elevate levels of free radicals by Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, an important mechanism in the pathophysiology of heart failure.     

磷酸钙骨水泥修复羊实验性胫骨平台压缩性骨折的组织学研究

目的 观察磷酸钙骨水泥在修复羊实验性外侧胫骨平台压缩性骨折中的吸收与成骨特点.方法 成年健康山羊10只,于双下肢外侧胫骨平台制作压缩性骨折伴骨缺损模型.一侧下肢缺损用磷酸钙骨水泥填充,对侧用自体骨填充.术后3个月和6个月分别处死5只动物,取双侧胫骨近端组织块,进行电镜观察;制备不脱钙切片进行组织学观察骨水泥吸收、自体骨吸收及新骨形成情况;测量骨形态计量学参数.结果 骨水泥表面可见大量重建陷窝锥形切割指向并穿入骨水泥,表面被无数破骨细胞和成骨细胞覆盖,骨水泥与表面的新生红色骨小梁结合紧密,无任何软组织层介入.骨形态计量学静态参数显示,骨水泥面积在3个月时为43.8%,6个月时仅剩29.9%;成骨细胞指数和破骨细胞指数在3个月时最大,至6个月时减小.动态参数显示,骨水泥组双标记线间的平均距离和矿化沉积速率与自体骨组接近,差异无统计学意义.结论 磷酸钙骨水泥在羊体内具有良好的降解成骨性能,骨水泥降解吸收高峰在3个月,植入6个月内骨水泥的吸收速度与骨形成速度基本持平,可作为合适的自体骨替代材料填充骨缺损.     

Operant studies on shape discrimination in goats

Goats have been trained, using an operant conditioning method in which they pressed panels with their muzzles in order to obtain food, to discriminate between simultaneously presented shapes. In the discrimination task the goats faced two response panels above each of which a shape was projected on a small screen. Only presses on the panel associated with the correct shape were reinforced and after each reinforcement the position of the positive stimulus was randomly varied. The results obtained demonstrate that goats are capable of discriminating between a wide variety of similar shapes.     

肺超声评分评估油酸致山羊急性肺损伤的实验研究

目的 探讨肺超声评分（LUS）评估油酸致山羊急性肺损伤（ALI）的诊断价值,为临床早期快速评价ALI提供诊断思路。方法 将16只山羊随机分为轻伤组和重伤组,每组各8只,通过耳缘静脉分别注射不同剂量油酸（轻伤组：0.05 ml/kg;重伤组：0.10 ml/kg）建立相应ALI模型。将山羊双侧胸壁以第5肋为界分为左上、左下、右上及右下4个肺区,分别于致伤前和致伤后1 h、3 h、6 h动态观察两组山羊全肺及各肺区超声表现并进行LUS,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析伤后1 h、3 h、6 h全肺及各肺区LUS评估山羊ALI严重程度的诊断价值。应用血气分析和炎症因子检测分别获得各时间点动脉血气指标[氧分压（PaO2）、氧饱和度（SaO2）和氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）]和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）,比较两组上述指标的差异。然后处死山羊,取出全肺观察肺大体损伤情况,取肺组织行病理组织学检查并进行病理损伤评分,计算肺湿干比,分析各肺区LUS与肺湿干比、病理损伤评分的相关性。结果 轻伤组1只山羊于致伤后5 h死亡,余山羊均成功建立油酸诱导山羊ALI模型。各ALI模型致伤后全肺LUS随着时间增加呈逐渐上升趋势,重伤组伤后1 h、3 h、6 h全肺LUS均显著高于轻伤组（均P＜0.05）。分区LUS结果显示,右下肺LUS在伤后各时间点两组之间均存在统计学差异（均P＜0.05）,而其他三个肺区LUS在伤后各时间点两组之间均无统计学差异,重伤组左下肺LUS在伤后6 h显著高于左上肺,右下肺LUS在伤后3 h、6h显著高于右上肺（均P＜0.05）,轻伤组各区LUS之间无统计学差异。ROC曲线分析显示,伤后各时间点全肺LUS预测ALI严重程度的AUC均＞0.8,致伤后1 h右下肺LUS的预测效能最高（AUC=0.938）,但各时间点各肺区AUC之间无统计学差异。轻、重伤组致伤后3 h、6 h PaO2、SaO2、PaO2/FiO2比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。轻、重伤组致伤后随着时间增加TNF-α呈逐渐上升趋势,但与致伤前比较差异均无统计学意义。重伤组肺湿干比显著高于轻伤组（重伤组湿干比：7.36±0.97;轻伤组湿干比：5.86±0.50）（P＜0.01）,重伤组全肺病理损伤评分显著高于轻伤组（P＜0.05）,分区结果显示,重伤组内左下肺、右下肺的病理损伤评分显著高于左上肺、右上肺,而轻伤组内右下肺病理损伤评分显著高于右上肺（均P＜0.05）。相关性分析显示,伤后6h全肺、左下肺、右上肺及右下肺LUS在伤后6h均与肺湿干比呈正相关（均P＜0.05）,各肺区中右下肺r值最高（r=0.634）。肺超声与肺病理损伤评分相关性分析结果显示,伤后6h全肺、左下肺及右下肺LUS均与肺病理损伤评分呈正相关（均P＜0.05）,各肺区中右下肺r值最高（r=0.624）。结论 应用LUS可及时评估山羊ALI早期肺损伤程度和变化,具有一定的诊断价值;不同肺区LUS存在差异,其中右下肺与肺损伤程度的相关性更高。     

心淋巴流阻断急性期冠状动脉结构的观察

手术方法阻断羊心淋巴引流后，于急性期内用光，电镜观察冠状动脉主干，前室间支和心壁内小动脉的结构改变，光镜下发现动脉壁水肿，外膜及其周围组织淋巴管扩张，炎性细胞浸润，电镜下可见动脉壁内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞超微结构破坏，结果表明心淋巴引流障碍急性期内可造成冠状动脉壁病理改变。     

清醒山羊缺氧时的颅内动力学改变及速尿的影响

作者采用清醒山羊,在给予少量水负荷条件下,观察了急性低压缺氧时的颅内动力学改变及速尿的影响。结果提示:缺氧(模拟4000m高原历时2小时)可使脑血流量(CBF)、颅内平均压(MICP)和脑含水量均明显增加,颅内顺应性明显降低。注入速尿后,相同缺氧条件下的上述各参数均未出现明显改变。     

重庆地区山羊慢性肺淋巴瘘的制作

本文报告了作者根据Slothert等人的方法而改良的重庆山羊慢性肺淋巴瘘的制作方法。其制作步骤主要包括:分离出一段胸导管作为纵隔尾部淋巴结的输出管供收集肺淋巴液;增插一根冲洗管供定期注入肝素液,以防术后早期的含血淋巴液的凝结。克服了一系列的困难:包括高手术死亡率,淋巴流中断和肺淋巴乳糜掺杂。山羊蒸汽吸入损伤后,肺淋巴流量立即急遽增加,且淋巴/血浆总蛋白比率升高,说明该动物模型在研究肺的液体和蛋白质交换上是适用的和有效的。本文对方法的细节作了描述和讨论。     

Hormonal control of grooming behavior in domestic goats

In this study, further documentation of the modulation of self-grooming by testosterone was provided by an experiment which showed that self oral grooming in long-term castrated male goats of the dwarf Shiba breed was significantly down-regulated to one-third of the baseline grooming rate by testosterone supplementation. Observations on grooming in gonadally intact female Shiba goats in the summer (July) and in the fall (October) showed that the oral grooming rate was significantly higher in the fall, occurring at about twice the rate in the summer. The female oral grooming rate in the fall was the same as the baseline rate of castrated males before testosterone supplementation. The seasonal increase in females was not attributed to changes in gonadal hormones. The adaptive significance of hormonal regulation of the timing mechanism for grooming in both male and female goats, and possibly other ungulates, is discussed.