Performance of Fasting Plasma Glucose and Postprandial Urine Glucose in Screening for Diabetes in Chinese High-risk Population

Background:

The conventional approaches to diabetes screening are potentially limited by poor compliance and laboratory demand. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial urine glucose (PUG) in screening for diabetes in Chinese high-risk population.

Methods:

Nine hundred and nine subjects with high-risk factors of diabetes underwent oral glucose tolerance test after an overnight fast. FPG, hemoglobin A1c, 2-h plasma glucose (2 h-PG), and 2 h-PUG were evaluated. Diabetes and prediabetes were defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 2 h-PUG, and the optimal cut-off determined to provide the largest Youden index. Spearman correlation was used for relationship analysis.

Results:

Among 909 subjects, 33.4% (304/909) of subjects had prediabetes, and 17.2% (156/909) had diabetes. The 2 h-PUG was positively related to FPG and 2 h-PG (r = 0.428 and 0.551, respectively, both P < 0.001). For estimation of 2 h-PG ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and 2 h-PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L using 2 h-PUG, the area under the ROC curve were 0.772 (95% confidence interval [CI ]: 0.738–0.806) and 0.885 (95% CI: 0.850–0.921), respectively. The corresponding optimal cut-offs for 2 h-PUG were 5.6 mmol/L and 7.5 mmol/L, respectively. Compared with FPG alone, FPG combined with 2 h-PUG had a higher sensitivity for detecting glucose abnormalities (84.1% vs. 73.7%, P < 0.001) and diabetes (82.7% vs. 48.1%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

FPG combined with 2 h-PUG substantially improves the sensitivity in detecting prediabetes and diabetes relative to FPG alone, and may represent an efficient layperson-oriented diabetes screening method.     

Photochemical oxidation of water and reduction of polyoxometalate anions at interfaces of water with ionic liquids or diethylether

Photoreduction of [P(2)W(18)O(62)](6-), [S(2)Mo(18)O(62)](4-), and [S(2)W(18)O(62)](4-) polyoxometalate anions (POMs) and oxidation of water occurs when water-ionic liquid and water-diethylether interfaces are irradiated with white light (275-750 nm) or sunlight. The ionic liquids (ILs) employed were aprotic ([Bmim]X; Bmim = (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, X = BF(4), PF(6)) and protic (DEAS = diethanolamine hydrogen sulphate; DEAP = diethanolamine hydrogen phosphate). Photochemical formation of reduced POMs at both thermodynamically stable and unstable water-IL interfaces led to their initial diffusion into the aqueous phase and subsequent extraction into the IL phase. The mass transport was monitored visually by color change and by steady-state voltammetry at microelectrodes placed near the interface and in the bulk solution phases. However, no diffusion into the organic phase was observed when [P(2)W(18)O(62)](6-) was photo-reduced at the water-diethylether interface. In all cases, water acted as the electron donor to give the overall process: 4POM + 2H(2)O + hν → 4POM(-) + 4H(+) + O(2). However, more highly reduced POM species are likely to be generated as intermediates. The rate of diffusion of photo-generated POM(-) was dependent on the initial concentration of oxidized POM and the viscosity of the IL (or mixed phase system produced in cases in which the interface is thermodynamically unstable). In the water-DEAS system, the evolution of dioxygen was monitored in situ in the aqueous phase by using a Clark-type oxygen sensor. Differences in the structures of bulk and interfacial water are implicated in the activation of water. An analogous series of reactions occurred upon irradiation of solid POM salts in the presence of water vapor.     

The effect of calcium ion concentration on the bone response to oxidized titanium implants

Aim: To investigate the effect of calcium concentration on the bone tissue response to Ca‐incorporated titanium implants Materials and methods: Two titanium surfaces containing 4.2% and 6.6% calcium were prepared using the micro‐arc oxidation process. The implants were inserted in the tibia of nine New Zealand White rabbits. After 6 weeks of healing, the bone response to the implants was quantitatively compared by biomechanical and histomorphometrical measurements. Results: Ca 4.2% and Ca 6.6% containing implants revealed no distinctive differences in their qualitative surface chemistry; chemical bonding state of Ca in titanium oxide was mainly calcium titanates. No significant differences were observed between two implants in peak removal torque and shear strength comparisons (P>0.05). Histomorphometrical analyses presented no significant differences in bone–metal contact, bone area and newly formed bone measurements between two implants (P>0.05). Conclusions: From biomechanical and histomorphometrical measurements, the two calcium concentrations in this study did not differ significantly with respect to their influence on the bone tissue response. This similar bone response in rabbit tibiae may be explained by the similarity of the qualitative Ca chemistry in titanium surfaces.     

Inhibition of the Fe(III)-Catalyzed Dopamine Oxidation by ATP and Its Relevance to Oxidative Stress in Parkinson’s Disease

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