人工全髋关节置换术中偏心距重建对髋关节功能的影响

目的比较标准股骨假体行人工全髋关节置换术中股骨假体颈长和股骨距保留对偏心距重建的作用，并分析偏心距重建对软组织平衡的影响。方法68例（71髋）行初次全髋关节置换术并获得随访。术中确定双下肢等长、髋关节稳定及周围软组织紧张度适中。术后采用Harris评分评估手术结果，Cybex-6000等速测定患髋外展肌力，通过手术记录和X线片测量获得偏心距、股骨距、假体颈长、外展肌力臂，用SPSS11．5统计学软件包对数据进行分析。结果假体颈长对偏心距的影响较股骨距大（P＜0．01），并与偏心距呈正相关关系（r=0．642，P＜0．001），但两者对于Harris评分影响的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。股骨头坏死患者术后的偏心距较髋关节骨关节炎患者（P＜0．01）和股骨颈骨折患者小（P＜0．01）。颈于角与偏心距外展肌力臂比呈正相关关系（r=0．25，火0．05）。偏心距重建较好的髋关节术后外展肌力较偏心距重建不足者优（P＜0．05），且两者呈相关关系（r=0．29，P＜0．05）。结论偏心距的重建在全髋关节置换术软组织平衡中主要起到增强术后外展肌力的作用。采用标准股骨假体重建术后股骨偏心距，股骨假体颈长对人工全髋关节置换术后偏心距的重建作用大于股骨距的保留，在诸多影响因素中起到关键作用。     

寰椎后弓侧块螺钉进钉角度的影像学研究及临床应用

目的探讨寰椎后弓侧块螺钉置钉安全角度及临床应用价值。方法对30名寰枢椎形态正常者行颈椎侧位X线摄片和寰枢椎轴位CT扫描,在影像学图像上对寰椎后弓最小高度、矢状面最大进钉倾斜角、最大进钉内倾角等参数进行测量。应用影像学观测的进钉角度对21例上颈椎不稳定患者行后路寰椎后弓侧块螺钉固定,术中观察后弓侧块螺钉置入后对周围重要组织结构的影响,术后观察有无神经症状加重。其中13例行手术前后CT检查,并测量螺钉置入前后的相关参数,评估置钉的安全性。结果(1)寰椎后弓侧块矢状面进钉倾斜角最大头倾10°、最大尾倾6°,最大倾斜角随寰椎后弓最小高度的增加有增大的趋势;(2)当进钉点由内侧改为外侧时,置钉内倾角需作0°～30°的相应调整;(3)手术实际进钉角度与术前预测有一定的差异,但均在预测范围内;(4)临床病例均置钉成功,影像学显示在常用的进钉区域内置钉无螺钉伤及椎动脉、脊髓等周围组织的现象。结论寰椎后弓侧块置钉在矢状面和轴平面上均有一定的安全角度范围,依据此范围置钉可增加寰椎后弓侧块螺钉固定的安全性和可操作性。     

Patellofemoral joint cartilage restoration with particulated juvenile allograft in patients under 21 years old

BackgroundPatellofemoral joint cartilage defects are difficult to treat due to their unique thickness and topography.PurposeTo report the postoperative outcomes of patients age 21 and younger treated with particulated juvenile allograft cartilage (PJAC) for full-thickness cartilaginous defects of the patellofemoral joint. The primary aim was to report surgical outcomes and complication rates, as well as return to sport activity. A secondary aim was to provide objective scores of defect restoration by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment.MethodsA retrospective review of all PJAC cases conducted between 2012 and 2019 at a single tertiary care urban musculoskeletal institution was conducted. Patients 21 years old or younger with minimum clinical follow up of 1 year and postoperative MRI at a minimum of 6 months were included. Cartilage restoration by MRI was independently assessed using the International Cartilage Repair Society’s (ICRS) standardized system.ResultsThirty four patients, 36 knees, were included, with mean age 16.1 ± 3.1 years old. Return to sport rate among patients who participated in a sport preoperatively was 100%. On independent MRI assessment, two thirds of defects achieved an overall grade of normal or nearly normal, while 28 patients (78%) had majority defect fill. Primary graft failure occurred in two cases and one patient experienced a surgical complication.ConclusionRestoration of patellofemoral chondral defects in young patients with particulated juvenile allograft results in satisfactory short-term outcomes and postoperative MRI appearance, along with high rates of return to sport and low rate of complications and graft failure.What is known about the subject: Patellofemoral joint cartilage defects are difficult to treat due to their unique thickness and topography. Several cartilage restoration techniques are available, but these rarely achieve the same mechanical properties as native hyaline cartilage. PJAC is a cell-based technique that has demonstrated promise since its introduction in 2007.What this study adds to existing knowledge: This series of patients adds the largest single cohort of pediatric and adolescent patients who receive PJAC for defects of the patellofemoral joint. Surgeons treating patients in this age group should be aware of every technique, and their respective outcomes.     

A modified approach to identification of the sickle cell anemia mutation by means of allele-specific polymerase chain reaction.

The allele-specific PCR approach has been modified by introducing a second mismatch at the 3'-penultimate link of the primer and used to identify the sickle cell anemia mutation (A-->T transversion in the sixth codon of the human beta-globin gene causing Glu-->Val substitution in the protein), thus obviating the problem of an interpretationally ambiguous 3'-terminal mismatch including T residue.     

退行性腰椎不稳的临床影像解剖特征及治疗

目的:探讨退行性腰椎不稳症的临床影像解剖特征及手术治疗的疗效。方法:42冽病人,其中腰椎不稳合并腰椎管狭窄20例,退行性滑脱18例,退行性侧弯4例。全部病例均常规行X线正侧位片、左右斜位片以及腰椎动力性侧位片检查,观察脊柱不稳部位及节段;同时行CT或MRI检查,了解柞管及神经根管情况;依据病人的病情、年龄等情况采取相应的手术方案,术后佩戴外固定支柱并进行随访。结果:全部病例随访中X线片显示,除1例因严重骨质疏松造成螺钉松动外,椎弓根断裂1例,其余固定牢固,螺钉、棒无折断,复位无丢失,无感染及脊髓神经根损伤等并发症,植骨融合良好,优良率达93％。结论:L4/5屈时移位>8％、过伸时移位>9％;L5/S1过屈时移位>6％、过伸时移位>9％;或椎体前后移位>4mm,椎体问成角>10°为退行性下腰椎不稳的影像学特征。神经减压和椎管成型辅以后路椎弓根钉捧系统同定及植骨融合术治疗退行性下腰椎不稳疗效优良。     

DNA聚合酶β可能参与了更广泛的细胞反应并引起遗传不稳定

近年来有关真核细胞中ＤＮＡ聚合酶的研究迅速增多。 1985年前 ,确认的ＤＮＡ聚合酶只有 3种 :聚合酶α、β以及线粒体聚合酶γ。时至今日已至少发现了 14种ＤＮＡ聚合酶 ,包括聚合酶α、β、γ、δ、ε、ζ、η、θ、ι、κ、λ、μ、ＲＥＶ1及ＭＵＳ30 8,在真核细胞ＤＮＡ的复制、修复、跨损伤合成、ＤＮＡ重组以及细胞周期调控等多种重要的生物代谢过程中发挥重要作用[1] 。在一定程度上 ,细胞内的各种聚合酶均有其独特的功能和作用领域。如具有引物酶活性的聚合酶α的作用是启动ＤＮＡ复制并合成ＲＮＡ -ＤＮＡ引物 ;聚合酶δ和ε是主要…     

Worldwide genomic diversity of the human papillomaviruses-53, 56, and 66, a group of high-risk HPVs unrelated to HPV-16 and HPV-18

Among more than 200 human papillomavirus (HPV) types presumed to exist, 18 "high-risk" HPV types are frequently found in anogenital cancer. The best studied types are HPV-16 and 18, which are only distantly related to one another and form two separate phylogenetic branches, each including six closely related types. HPV-30, 53, 56, and 66 form a third phylogenetic branch unrelated to HPV-16 and 18. Worldwide comparison of HPV-16 and 18 isolates revealed a distribution of variant genomes that correlated with the geographic origin and the ethnicity of the infected cohort and led to the concept of unique African, European, Asian, and Native American HPV-16 and 18 variants. Here, we address the question whether similar phylogenies are found for HPV-53, 56, and 66 by determining the sequence of the long control regions (LCR) of these HPVs in samples from Europe, Asia, and Africa, and from immigrant societies in North and South America. Phylogenetic trees calculated from point mutations and a few insertions/deletions affecting 2-4.2% of the nucleotide sequences were distinct for each of the three HPVs and divergent from HPV-16 and 18. In contrast to the "star-phylogenies" formed by HPV-16 and 18 variants, 44 HPV-53 isolates represented nine variants, which formed two deep dichotomic branches reminiscent of the beginning split into two new taxa, as recently observed for subtypes of HPV-44 and 68. A total of 66 HPV-56 isolates represented 17 variants, which formed three branches preferentially containing European, Asian, and African variants. Variants of a fourth branch, deeply separated from the other three, were characterized by a 25 bp insertion and created a dichotomy rather than star-like phylogeny. As it contained isolates from cohorts in all continents, it may have evolved before the spread of humans into all continents. 18 of 31 HPV-66 isolates represented the prototype clone, which was found in all parts of the world, while the remaining 13 clones formed 11 branches without any geographic association. Our findings confirm the notion of a quantitatively limited genomic diversity of each HPV type with some correlation to the geographic origin of the sample. In addition, we observed in some variants of these three HPV types mutations that affect the amino acid sequence of the E6 oncoproteins and the L1 capsid protein, supporting the possibility of immunogenic and oncogenic diversity between variants of any HPV type.     

Adaptation to destabilizing dynamics by means of muscle cocontraction

Adaptive control of wrist mechanics was investigated by means of destabilizing dynamics created by a torque motor. Subjects performed a 20 degrees movement to a 3 degrees target under the constraint that no motion should occur outside of the target zone once 800 ms had elapsed from movement onset. This constraint served as the minimum acceptable level of postural stability. The ability of subjects to modify their muscle activation patterns in order to successfully achieve this stability was investigated by creating three types of destabilizing dynamics with markedly different features: negative stiffness, negative damping, and square-wave vibration. Subjects performed sets of trials with the first type of destabilizing dynamics and were then required to adapt to the second and third. The adaptive response was quantified in terms of the rms electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded during various phases of the task. Surface EMG activity was recorded from three muscles contributing to wrist flexion and three muscles contributing to wrist extension. With negative stiffness, a significant compensatory increase in cocontraction of wrist flexor and extensor muscles was observed for slow movements, but there was little change in the muscle activity for rapid movements. With negative damping, muscle cocontraction was elevated to stabilize rapid movements, declining only gradually after the target was reached. For slow movements, cocontraction occurred only when negative damping was high. The response to square-wave vibration (10 Hz, +/-0.5 Nm), beginning at movement onset, was similar to that of negative damping, in that it resulted in elevated cocontraction. However, because the vibration persisted after the target was reached, there was no subsequent decrease in muscle activity. When the frequency was reduced to 5.5 Hz, but with the same torque impulse, cocontraction increased. This is consistent with greater mechanical instability. In summary, agonist-antagonist cocontraction was adapted to the stability of the task. This generally resulted in less of a change in muscle activity during the movement phase, when the task was performed quickly compared with slowly. On the other hand, the change in muscle activity during stabilization depended more on the nature of the instability than the movement speed.     

Expression enhancement of the Tn5 neomycin-resistance gene by removal of upstream ATG sequences and its use for probing heterologous upstream activating sequences in yeast

We have constructed a series of promoter or upstream activating sequence (UAS)-probe plasmids carrying the Tn5-derived neomycin resistance gene whose seven additional ATG codons in the 5-untranslated region were completely or partially removed. When the deleted version of the neo sequence retaining only one additional ATG (NeoD) was expressed under the control of a TDH3 promoter whose UAS was deleted, the transformed cells were unable to grow at a low concentration of the antibiotic G418. In contrast with this, yeast cells expressing the NeoC sequence and having no additional ATG exhibited a high level of G418-resistance. Moreover, the UAS-probe system using NeoD has been successfully applied for the identification of several E. coli DNA sequences that clearly function as UASs in yeast cells. Two of these prokaryotic sequences with UAS activity were identified as a part of the coding region of the tgt and the hydG gene, respectively.     

寰枢椎后路二种内固定技术的三维稳定性评价

目的:对比寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定系统与枢椎椎弓根螺钉联合寰椎椎板钩固定系统的生物力学稳定性,为临床应用提供实验依据。方法:新鲜颈椎标本6例,损伤齿突基底部,建立寰枢椎失稳模型,在脊柱三维运动实验机上先测量失稳寰枢椎的三维运动范围,再在失稳模型上对每具标本进行两种内固定:C1椎弓根螺钉 C2椎弓根螺钉的钉棒内固定系统,C1椎板钩 C2椎弓根螺钉的钉棒钩内固定系统,测量二种不同固定方法的寰枢椎三维运动范围,比较两种状态下的寰枢椎稳定状况。结果:C1椎弓根螺钉 C2椎弓根螺钉的钉棒内固定与C1椎板钩 C2椎弓根螺钉的前屈、后伸、左右侧屈无显著性差异,左右旋转C1椎弓根螺钉组优于C1椎板钩组。结论:两种寰枢固定方法:C1椎弓根螺钉 C2椎弓根螺钉固定系统在抗左右旋转方面较C1椎板钩 C2椎弓根螺钉固定系统的稳定性优越,临床上应优先选择C1、C2椎弓根螺钉固定方法,当C1椎弓根过于细小时可选用C1椎板钩 C2椎弓根螺钉的固定技术。