Sentinel lymph node detection in early stage cervical cancer: a prospective study comparing preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe, and blue dye

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this prospective study was to determine the feasibility of sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection in patients with cervical cancer using lymphoscintigraphy (LS), gamma probe, and blue dye. METHODS: A total of 32 patients with early stage cervical cancer (FIGO IA2-IIA) who were treated with total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic and paraortic lymphadenectomy underwent SLN biopsy. LS was performed on all the patients following the injection of 74 MBq technetium-99m-nanocolloid pericervically. The first appearing persistent focal accumulation on either dynamic or static images of LS was considered to be an SLN. Blue dye was injected just prior to surgical incision in 16 patients (50%) at the same locations as the radioactive isotope injection. During the operation, blue-stained node(s) were excised as SLNs. For gamma probe, a lymph node was accepted as an SLN, if its ex vivo radioactive counts were at least 10-fold above background radioactivity. SLNs, which were negative by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) examination, were histopathologically reevaluated for the presence of micrometastases by step sectioning and immunohistochemical staining with pancytokeratin. RESULTS: At least one SLN was identified for each patient by gamma probe. Intraoperative gamma probe was the most sensitive method with a technical success rate of SLN detection of 100% (32/32), followed by LS 87.5% (28/32) and blue dye 68.8% (11/16), respectively. The average number of SLNs per patient detected by gamma probe was 2.09 (range 1-5). The localizations of the SLNs were external iliac 47.8%, obturatory 32.8%, common iliac 9%, paraaortic 4.4%, and paracervical 6%. Micrometastases, not detected by routine H&E were found by immunohistochemistry in one patient. On the basis of the histopathological analysis, the negative predictive value for predicting metastases was 100%, and there were no false-negative results. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative LS with radiocolloids, intraoperative lymphatic mapping with blue dye and gamma probe are all feasible methods comparable with each other for SLN detection in early stage cervical cancer patients, but gamma probe is the most useful method in terms of technical success.     

超声引导下真空辅助微创旋切系统治疗乳腺良性肿瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨超声引导下真空辅助微创旋切系统在治疗乳腺良性肿瘤中的有效性及安全性.方法 选取我院2014年10月-2015年10月乳腺良性疾病患者220例,依据个人意愿,分别行安柯真空辅助微创旋切手术(观察组)及常规手术(对照组)各110例.两组患者年龄,肿瘤数量,肿瘤直径等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),具有可比性.结果 两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、伤口长度等方面,观察组均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者均获得随访,术后外观评价满意率(99.09％ vs 90.91％),观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 超声引导下真空辅助微创旋切系统同传统手术相比具有手术创伤小,术后恢复快,美容效果好等优点,符合乳腺微创治疗的发展趋势,在临床治疗中应优先选择.     

支气管内超声引导针吸活检术对肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿瘤和结核的诊断价值

目的探讨支气管内超声引导针吸活检术（EBUS-TBNA）在肺门、纵膈淋巴结恶性肿瘤和结核诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年9月在四川大学华西医院呼吸内镜中心接受EBUS-TBNA检查的553例患者的临床及病理资料,统计EBUS-TBNA对肺门、纵膈淋巴结肿瘤和结核的诊断敏感性、特异性和准确率。结果EBUS-TBNA诊断肺门、纵膈淋巴结恶性肿瘤的敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为89.2%（263/295）、100.0%（247/247）和94.1%（510/542）。针吸活检组织查见肉芽肿诊断结核的敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为65.0%（76/117）、97.2%（385/396）和89.9%（461/513）。标本组织行抗酸染色和TB-PCR的102例中,查见抗酸杆菌或TB-PCR任一项阳性诊断结核的敏感性、特异性和诊断准确率为63.7%（58/91）、90.9%（10/11）和66.7%（68/102）。结论EBUS-TBNA诊断肺门和纵膈肿瘤具有较高的敏感性和特异性,并可联合抗酸染色和TB-PCR联合诊断肺门和纵膈淋巴结结核。     

前哨淋巴结活检与乳腺癌分子分型的关系

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检结果与乳腺癌分子分型的关系。方法 选取2015 年1 月—2018 年 12 月于东莞市松山湖中心医院接受全乳切除术或保乳术加前哨淋巴结活检的302 例早期乳腺癌患者作为 研究对象,采用免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤组织中雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、人体表皮生长因 子受体-2（Her-2）、Ki-67 的表达,并将患者划分为Luminal A 型、Luminal B 型、HER-2 阳性型及三阴 性型。分析前哨淋巴结转移与患者分型的关系。结果 患者中Luminal A 型134 例、Luminal B 型91 例、 Her-2 阳性型32 例及三阴性型45 例,各亚型中前哨淋巴结阳性者分别有31、37、7 及6 例。前哨淋巴结 阳性组年龄≤ 52 岁、T2 期、Luminal B 型占比均高于阴性组（P <0.05）,TNM 分期是前哨淋巴结阳性的危 险因素[Ol ^ R=3.531（95% CI ：1.936,6.438）,P =0.000],Luminal A 型[Ol ^ R=0.242（95% CI ：0.121,0.483）, P =0.000]、年龄[Ol ^ R=0.202（95% CI ：0.101,0.405）,P =0.000] 是其保护因素。前哨淋巴结阳性组年龄≤ 52 岁、T2 期、Luminal B 型占比均高于阴性组（P <0.05）, 年龄[Ol ^ R=0.250（95% CI ：0.063,0.987）, P =0.000] 是前哨淋巴结阳性数的保护因素。检出组年龄≤ 52 岁、T2 期、阳性前哨淋巴结数量≥ 2 枚、前哨 淋巴结宏转移者占比均高于未检出组（P <0.05）,前哨淋巴结阳性数量≥ 2 枚[Ol ^ R=27.926（95% CI ：6.433, 121.222）,P =0.000]、前哨淋巴结宏转移[Ol ^ R=10.662（95% CI ：1.620,70.177）,P =0.014] 是非前哨淋巴结转 移的危险因素。结论 分子分型与前哨淋巴结阳性有一定关系,其中Luminal A 型患者前哨淋巴结阳性风险 低于Luminal B 型患者,但分子分型与是否伴非前哨淋巴结转移无关。     

Feasibility study: watchful waiting for localized low to intermediate grade prostate carcinoma with selective delayed intervention based on prostate specific antigen, histological and/or clinical progression

PURPOSE: We assessed the feasibility of a watchful waiting protocol with selective delayed intervention using clinical, prostate specific antigen (PSA) or histological progression as treatment indications for clinically localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective, single arm cohort study patients with favorable clinical parameters (stage T1b to T2b N0M0, Gleason score 7 or less and PSA 15 ng./ml. or less) are conservatively treated with watchful waiting. When a patient meets disease progression criteria, arbitrarily defined by the 3 parameters of the rate of PSA increase, clinical progression or histological upgrade on repeat prostate biopsy, appropriate treatment is implemented. Patients are followed every 3 months for the first 2 years and every 6 months thereafter. Serum PSA measurement and digital rectal examination are done at each visit and repeat prostate biopsy is performed 18 months after study enrollment. RESULTS: Since November 1995, the study has accrued 206 patients with a median followup of 29 months (range 2 to 66). Of these men 137 remain on the surveillance protocol with no disease progression, while 69 were withdrawn from study for various reasons. There was clinical, PSA and histological progression in 16, 15 and 5 cases, respectively. The estimated actuarial probability of remaining on the surveillance protocol was 67% at 2 years and 48% at 4. The probability of remaining progression-free was 81% and 67% at 2 and 4 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A policy of watchful waiting with selectively delayed intervention based on predefined criteria of disease progression is feasible. This strategy offers the benefit of an individualized approach based on the demonstrated risk of clinical or biochemical progression with time and, thus, it may decrease the burden of therapy in patients with indolent disease, while providing definitive therapy for those with biologically active disease.     

Primary thoracoscopic evaluation of pleural effusion with local anesthesia: an alternative approach.

OBJECTIVE: The development of a thoracoscopically assisted technique to be performed with the patient under local anesthesia for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes when treating pleural effusions and empyemas in high-risk surgical patients. METHODS: Twenty patients with pleural effusion or empyema who were also determined to be at high risk for complications following a thoracotomy, pleural biopsy, general anesthesia, or all of these, underwent placement of a thoracoscope while under local anesthesia followed by thoracic fluid drainage, pleural biopsy, and pleurodesis as required. Patients were retrospectively evaluated for a variety of factors including personal history, pre-existing medical conditions, and pre- and postoperative course. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 59 years (18 to 89) with a 55% male/45% female sex distribution. Patients had this procedure as a consequence of malignancy (50%), empyema (30%), spontaneous pneumothorax (10%), bronchiectasis (50%), or heart failure (5%). The average duration of the procedure was 62 minutes (20 to 190), with an average of 861 mL of fluid drainage, and 114 mL of estimated blood loss. The tube thoracostomy was usually removed on the sixth (0 to 13) postprocedure day. This procedure was well tolerated by the patients with the majority of pain management being achieved with patient controlled analgesia (58%). The direct complication rate was 10%, with 2 patients requiring endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSION: This novel thoracoscopic procedure represents an acceptable alternative to the traditional treatment of pleural effusions and empyema with comparable outcome parameters and morbidity. This technique may eventually become the standard of care for the treatment of pleural effusions.     

以脊柱病变为主的骨髓瘤的诊断

目的：探讨骨髓瘤的诊断，以免误诊、漏诊或进行不必要的手术。方法：本组患43例，临床表现有颈肩、胸腰背痛，表现为双下肢不全瘫有15例。全部病例进行了X线摄片及MRI检查，经皮穿刺活组织检查26例。结果：经皮穿刺活检19例发现浆细胞明显增多，有异型性。骨髓检查40例，其中有18例发现浆细胞达10％以上并有形态异常，11例浆细胞达5％以上。MRI检查41例发现信号异常，18例椎体有楔形变。结论；MRI检查可早期发现骨髓瘤，并有助于骨质疏松症、脊柱结核及成骨性肿瘤鉴别。骨髓检查可明确诊断，经皮穿刺活检，尤其对单发骨髓瘤的诊断是一种有效的方法。     

Prospective evaluation of prostate cancer detection by prostate specific antigen related parameters: comparison in serum and plasma samples.

PURPOSE: We compared the usefulness of serum and plasma samples for enhancing the specificity of prostate cancer detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed receiver operating characteristics curves to evaluate prospectively the cancer detection performance of prostate specific antigen (PSA) related parameters derived from serum and plasma samples in 248 and 249 consecutive patients, respectively. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis showed that PSA density and transition zone PSA density were more powerful predictors of prostate cancer than total or free PSA in the group overall at intermediate serum PSA 2.1 to 10 ng./ml. and in the subgroup with total PSA 4.1 to 10 ng./ml. regardless of digital rectal examination findings. Percent free PSA performed significantly better than total PSA in patients with serum total PSA 4.1 to 10 ng./ml. PSA density, transition zone PSA density and percent free PSA did not differ substantially in patients with serum total PSA 4.1 to 10 ng./ml. However, none of these parameters distinguished patients with prostate cancer from those with benign histology when PSA was in the lower range of 2.1 to 4 ng./ml. The performance of these parameters was worse when plasma sample data were used for calculation. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of percent free PSA appears at least comparable to that of PSA density and transition zone PSA density in patients in this cohort with serum total PSA 4.1 to 10 ng./ml. without regard to digital rectal examination. The poor performance of these parameters in the lower PSA range underscores the need for other parameters to improve the specificity of cancer detection in elderly Japanese males. Continued use of serum samples is justified for measuring PSA related parameters by current assay techniques.     

Pain and morbidity of an extensive prostate 10-biopsy protocol: a prospective study in 289 patients.

PURPOSE: Some studies imply that increasing the number of prostate biopsy cores may improve the cancer detection rate. We performed a prospective study to evaluate pain and morbidity after an extensive transrectal ultrasound guided 10-core biopsy protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 289 consecutive men with abnormal digital rectal examination findings and/or increased prostate specific antigen underwent extensive prostate biopsy involving 6 sextant and 4 peripheral biopsies. Each received an information leaflet a few days before the procedure. A single dose of fluoroquinolone and a rectal enema were administered before biopsy. In no case was the procedure performed using anesthesia. Immediately after biopsy patients were asked to complete a self-administered nonvalidated questionnaire evaluating the degree of pain and/or discomfort using a visual analog scale. In another questionnaire they listed the side effects noticed during month 1 after biopsy. RESULTS: Although 48% of the 275 men who completed the initial questionnaire reported anxiety before the procedure, 78.8% of them were completely reassured by the information brochure. Of the 275 patients 47.6% described the procedure as painful, including only slightly painful (analog visual scale 3 or less) in 67.9%, while 33.8% described it as uncomfortable but not painful and 18.6% thought that it was neither painful nor uncomfortable. Of the 115 patients who engaged in sexual intercourse during month 1 after the procedure 78.3% noticed hematospermia an average of 10.9 days in duration. Of the 164 men who completed questionnaire 2, 74.4% noticed hematuria an average of 2.7 days in duration, 3.7% noticed pyrexia and 1.2% noticed acute prostatitis. In the 59 patients (36%) who reported delayed perineal pain it was slight in 64.4%, moderate in 30.5% and severe in 5.1%. No patient required hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Although minor complications are common, the extensive 10-core prostate biopsy protocol is associated with few major complications. The occurrence and intensity of pain and discomfort are in the range reported after the standard 6-core biopsy protocol.     

The role of fine-needle aspiration and intraoperative frozen section in the surgical management of solitary thyroid nodules

Purpose: We evaluated the role of intraoperative frozen section (FS) in the surgical management of solitary thyroid nodules, as its true value is a subject of some controversy. Methods: We reviewed the records of 206 consecutive patients operated on for solitary thyroid nodules. All patients had undergone both preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and intraoperative FS. The diagnostic findings of FNA cytology and FS histology were compared with the final histological results. Results: There were 61 patients with cancer and 145 with various benign conditions. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA were 78.1% and 96.5%, respectively, demonstrating an overall accuracy of 91.3%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates for FS were 83.3%, 95.2%, and 91.7%, respectively. FS altered the operative decision in 14 patients, but correctly so in only 8 patients. Correlated with FNA cytology, the yield of FS in assisting in the intraoperative decision making was 1.8%, 3.4%, and 5.2% for benign, malignant, and suspicious cytology, respectively. Conclusions: When the results of FNA and FS are interpreted as either benign or malignant, both are highly accurate predictors of the pathological nature of the nodule. However, the findings of the present study do not support the use of FS in the surgical management of solitary thyroid nodules, regardless of FNA cytology. Received: August 27, 2001 / Accepted: March 5, 2002