A method to quantitate axonal injury

The quantitation of diffuse axonal injury provides a more objective approach to the assessment of tissue damage in head injuries. The method designed in this study takes into account the anisotropy and structural inhomogeneity of the brain, and the distribution of lesions in diffuse axonal injury. The number of counts required for the statistical analysis is inversely proportional to the square of the desired accuracy, specified as the percentage of the mean value of the axonal balloons since the true mean is unknown from the outset. The number of fields are examined using an indexed-squares graticule in 10 different areas of the brain. Silver-stained sections from the brains of head injured patients that survived longer than 12 h must be used with this method. Difficulties may arise when patients of different survival times are compared since it takes some time for the axonal balloons to develop. A correlation with the survival time can be established with the quantitative data collected. The morphometric principles and the statistical rationale on which this methodology is based are briefly presented.     

股骨近端带锁髓内钉在粗隆间骨折的应用

目的评价股骨近端带锁髓内钉(ProximalFemoralNail,PFN)治疗股骨粗隆周围骨折的临床疗效。方法对72例股骨粗隆周围骨折的治疗作回顾性总结分析。其中男29例,女性43例。年龄64～96岁,平均78岁。在本组粗隆周围骨折的分型中,EvenⅠ型16例、Ⅱ型31例、ⅢA型14例、ⅢB型6例、Ⅳ型3例。其余2例为粗隆下骨折。结果随访自出院以后超过6个月的患者65例,除一例患者因患有严重的骨质疏松而出现拉力螺钉脱出并髋内翻外,其余患者拍片显示骨折已愈合,生活能够自理,临床疗效满意,骨折平均愈合时间为8周。结论PFN是治疗股骨粗隆周围骨折的一种较好的内固定方法,为股骨粗隆部位的骨折创造了理想的愈合条件,由于其并发症低,手术操作简便,符合微创技术的治疗要求,值得临床推广应用。     

Femoral pseudo-hernias

Before surgical intervention in the femoral area, doctors should be mindful of two situations in which surgery is not indicated and, in fact, may cause harm. Electronic Publication     

Lymph node metastases in the neck and parotid gland from an unknown primary melanoma

A lymph node metastasis in the neck or parotid region from an unknown primary melanoma is an uncommon occurrence. Out of a total of 300 patients with head and neck melanoma treated at the Netherlands Cancer Institute between 1976 and 1992, 17 (5.7%) presented in this way. The most common site for metastatic lymph nodes (18 nodes in 17 patients) was level V (n= 7), followed by the parotid region (n= 4), level II (n= 4), level III (n= 2), and level IV (n= 7). Two patients had local excision of the neck node metastasis only, while the remaining 15 patients underwent more extensive surgical treatment. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate in this group was 48%, with a median survival of 36 months, which is more or less similar to the prognosis of stage II melanoma of the head and neck with a known, surgically treated primary tumour. No relation was found between disease-free interval and sex, the number of positive lymph nodes or the duration of symptoms.     

格拉斯哥评分的纯数学意义及临床评估价值

总结１０２２例颅脑外伤进行格拉斯哥评分的实践实验，从纯数学意义上评价了评分在临床上的应用价值。指出格拉斯哥评分各参数之间只有１５种组合最常见且有临床价值。数学分析表明运动反应最有决定性意义；同时指出格拉斯可评分对患者预后判断有重要评估价值。评分的不足之处在于不能反映瞳孔改变和脑干症状。     

心电图短P-R间期观测研究

目的：探讨和鉴别心电图短Ｐ－Ｒ间期的产生原因，为临床诊断、治疗提供依据。方法：检测１１５例受检者的常规导联心电图（ＲＬＥＣＧ）、头胸导联心电图（ＨＣＥＣＧ）、食管导联心电图（ＥＬＥＣＧ），对其中５５例临床可疑心律失常和ＲＬＥＣＧ示短Ｐ－Ｒ间期者行食管心房调搏电生理检查。结果：①Ｐ波出现率和振幅均值比较ＥＬＥＣＧ＞ＨＣＥＣＧ＞ＲＬＥＣＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１），出现率分别为１００％、９５％、９１％。②ＨＣＥＣＧＰ－Ｒ段均值（Ｐ＜０．０１）及变异系数＜ＲＬＥＣＧ。③ＲＬＥＣＧ波幅低、图形多变是产生心电图短Ｐ－Ｒ间期的主要原因。结论：作为无创伤性检查方法，ＨＣＥＣＧ和ＥＬＥＣＧ可以对短Ｐ－Ｒ间期者进行初步筛选，而经食管心房调搏能检测ＥＣＧ短Ｐ－Ｒ间期的电生理特性，对鉴别诊断有肯定价值。     

A newly designed attachment device of multipurpose frame for neuronavigator

Summary A newly designed attachment device of the multipurpose head frame (Sugita) for Neuronavigator (Watanabe) is presented with an illustrative case of glioblastoma in an eloquent area. This has extended the usefulness of the neuronavigator for those who prefer and use the multipurpose head frame, while the requirements for keeping a stereotactic combination and the original concept of the multipurpose head frame, as well as that of the neuronavigator have been kept undisturbed.     

Grose-Kempf 带锁髓内钉在股骨干骨折中的应用

作者从１９８８～１９９５年末用Ｇｒｏｓｅ－ｋｅｍｐｆ钉（简称ＧＫ钉）治疗股骨干骨折４９例（５０个股骨），其中新鲜骨折２９例（３０个股骨），陈旧性骨折１６例，病理骨折４例。外伤性骨折４５例中，随访半年以上４３例，骨折全部愈合，下肢功能及关节活动良好。４例病理骨折，其中３例术后分别存活１６个月、１８个月、２４个月，另１例为成骨不全，术后患肢功能较健侧无差别。ＧＫ钉扩大了髓内钉手术适应证，可用于股骨干的粉碎性骨折、多发性骨折、陈旧性骨折不愈合及病理性骨折。对于合并脑干损伤、血管损伤、骨筋膜室综合征的股骨干骨折，用ＧＫ钉固定，获得了理想的治疗效果。     

股骨多段闭合骨折病人术前凝血功能的变化

目的 探讨股骨多段闭合骨折病人术前凝血功能的变化。方法 选择创伤股骨多段闭合骨折后当天入院的病人20例,年龄19-45岁,ASA Ⅰ级,为试验组(Ⅰ组);选择健康成年人15人,年龄21-39岁,作为对照组(Ⅱ组);Ⅱ组于清晨空腹采上肢静脉血标本,Ⅰ组病人入院后于骨折的第2天、第6天(手术当天清晨)空腹采上肢静脉血样本,检测血栓弹力图(TEG)指标[R时间、K时间、α角、血栓最大幅度(MA)、血栓硬度(G)]、D-二聚体浓度(D-Di)、血小板计数(PLC)及血小板聚集率(PAgR)的变化。结果 Ⅱ组TEG指标、D-Di、PLC及PAgR均在正常范围。与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组骨折后第2天,K时间缩短(P<0.05),α角、MA、G及D-Di增高(P<0.01);骨折后第6天,R时间缩短(P<0.05),α角、MA、G、D-Di、PLC及PagR增高(P<0.01)。与骨折后第2天比较,Ⅰ组骨折后第6天MA、G、PLT及PAgR增高(P<0.05或0.01)。结论 病人创伤骨折后凝血功能24 h内增强,随时间的延长至术日呈高凝状态,应加强术中管理,并采取相应措施预防术中静脉血栓的发生。     

The difficult primary hip

Hip arthroplasty is a common orthopaedic procedure with proven long-term success and reliable results. A wide range of associated conditions may affect the outcome of the arthroplasty and the surgeon has to keep these in mind when planning the surgery. In this article, such situations are discussed and recommendations are drawn from the evidence available in literature.