半夏泻心汤对大鼠胃溃疡及小肠功能的影响

给予大鼠半夏泻心汤胶囊30min后，再采用水浸应激法致胃溃疡，结果大鼠胃溃疡的发生率明显降低，对醋酸法致胃溃疡的大鼠连续11d给予半夏泻心汤胶囊，其溃疡面积明显减少；半夏泻心汤胶囊提取物皮下给药，3d后小鼠甲基橙胃残留率降低，说明半夏泻心汤有增加小鼠胃排空作用，结扎幽门下十二指肠结合部后，在十二指肠注入本品，3h后收集胃液进行分析，结果半夏泻心汤对胃液分泌，酸度和胃酶活性无明显影响，小鼠小肠内容物推进实验表明，半夏泻心汤胶囊能大大提高小肠推进率，但对肠容积无明显影响；大鼠皮下植入棉球后给予半夏泻心汤胶囊可明显降低棉球肉芽肿的重要指数。     

美国FDA在应急医药产品应急准备中的职能分析

目的:对美国流行病和灾害性应急准备系列法案中美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)职能定位进行分析,为我国政府部门的应急职能设计提供参考。方法:采取法案内容分析法,了解FDA在应急医药产品准备中的职能定位。结果:FDA在医药产品应急准备的根本职能是促进突发事件中应急医药产品的开发和使用的可获得性,包括发布医药产品的应急指导和安全警示信息,负责授权医药产品紧急使用权、延长医药产品保存期限及预置职能。结论:应重视国家级应急准备工作,完善应急准备的配套法律体系,准确定位"应急医药产品的应急预案",加强应急医药产品的应急信息化管理,建设应急医药产品的快速调剂和使用机制。     

Function and structure of bradykinin receptor 2 for drug discovery

Type 2 bradykinin receptor (B2R) is an essential G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates the cardiovascular system as a vasodepressor. Dysfunction of B2R is also closely related to cancers and hereditary angioedema (HAE). Although several B2R agonists and antagonists have been developed, icatibant is the only B2R antagonist clinically used for treating HAE. The recently determined structures of B2R have provided molecular insights into the functions and regulation of B2R, which shed light on structure-based drug design for the treatment of B2R-related diseases. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of B2R in relation to drug discovery and discuss future research directions to elucidate the remaining unknown functions of B2R dimerization.     

Visual stimulation and frequency of focal neurological symptoms engage distinctive neurocognitive resources in migraine with aura patients: a study of resting-state functional networks

IntroductionSeveral functional neuroimaging studies on healthy controls and patients with migraine with aura have shown that the activation of functional networks during visual stimulation is not restricted to the striate system, but also includes several extrastriate networks.MethodsBefore and after 4 min of visual stimulation with a checkerboard pattern, we collected functional MRI in 21 migraine with aura (MwA) patients and 18 healthy subjects (HS). For each recording session, we identified independent resting-state networks in each group and correlated network connection strength changes with clinical disease features.ResultsBefore visual stimulation, we found reduced connectivity between the default mode network and the left dorsal attention system (DAS) in MwA patients compared to HS. In HS, visual stimulation increases functional connectivity between the independent components of the bilateral DAS and the executive control network (ECN). In MwA, visual stimulation significantly improved functional connectivity between the independent component pairs salience network and DAS, and between DAS and ECN. The ECN Z-scores after visual stimulation were negatively related to the monthly frequency of aura.ConclusionsIn individuals with MwA, 4 min of visual stimulation had stronger cognitive impact than in healthy people. A higher frequency of aura may lead to a diminished ability to obtain cognitive resources to cope with transitory but important events like aura-related focal neurological symptoms.     

Effects of Diastolic Blood Pressure on Brain Structures and Cognitive Functions in Middle and Old Ages: Longitudinal Analyses

Hypertension is a pervasive public health concern due to strong associations with cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Alternatively, the associations between hypertension and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease are complex and recent large sample studies reported positive associations. In this paper, we examine the associations between diastolic blood pressure (BP) and subsequent changes in brain structure and cognitive function over several years by multiple regression analyses (with adjustment for a wide range of potential confounding variables) among a large cohort from the UK Biobank. Higher baseline diastolic BP was associated with a slightly smaller relative increase (relative improvements) in reaction time and a slightly greater reduction in depression scores. Higher baseline diastolic BP was also associated with a greater total gray matter volume (GMV) retention, while aging alone was associated with GMV reduction. White matter microstructural analyses revealed that a greater diastolic BP was associated with reduced longitudinal mean and regional fractional anisotropy, greater increases in mean and regional mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity, a greater decline in mean intracellular volume fraction, and greater increases in mean and regional isotropic volume fraction. These white matter microstructural changes were consistent with those seen in the aging process. Additional analyses revealed a greater cheese intake level at baseline, which is associated with a subsequent decline in diastolic BP and a relative subsequent increase in depressive tendency together with a relative increase in fluid intelligence and visuospatial memory performance. These results are congruent with the view that a higher BP in the aging brain has a complex role.     

植物外泌体样纳米囊泡的研究进展

植物外泌体样纳米囊泡（plant exocrine-like nano-vesicles,PELNs）是一种新兴的纳米治疗剂及传递平台,不但具有疾病治疗潜力,而且可以作为药物的载体靶向疾病位点,起到治疗递送双重作用,更重要的是PELNs具有绿色天然和低免疫原性等特点。本综述系统介绍了PELNs的外囊阳性细胞器、多囊泡体、液泡和自噬小体几种分泌机制;脂质、蛋白质和核酸3种组成成分;离心法、超滤法、尺寸排阻色谱法、流场-流分馏法、免疫磁珠法、聚合物沉淀法等分离方法及其抗炎、抗肿瘤、保护再生、抗病毒、保肝等生物学功能,整理了PELNs作为治疗剂及分子传递平台目前已发现的潜在机制,提出了PELNs研究过程中存在的产量化、机制研究及临床试验少等问题,并展望了其未来的发展潜力。     

Is diffuse axonal injury on susceptibility weighted imaging a biomarker for executive functioning in adolescents with traumatic brain injury?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous disorder in which diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is an important component contributing to executive dysfunction. During adolescence, developing brain networks are especially vulnerable to acceleration-deceleration forces. We aimed to examine the correlation between DAI (number and localization) and executive functioning in adolescents with TBI.We recruited 18 adolescents with a mean age of 15y8m (SD = 1y7m), averaging 2.5 years after sustaining a moderate-to-severe TBI with documented DAI. Susceptibility Weighted Imaging sequence was administered to localize the DAI lesions. The adolescents performed a neurocognitive test-battery, addressing different aspects of executive functioning (working memory, attention, processing speed, planning ability) and their parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) – questionnaire. Executive performance of the TBI-group was compared with an age and gender matched control group of typically developing peers. Based on these results we focused on the Stockings of Cambridge test and the BRIEF to correlate with the total number and location of DAI. Results revealed that the anatomical distribution of DAI, especially in the corpus callosum and the deep brain nuclei, may have more implications for executive functioning than the total amount of DAI in adolescents. Results of this study may help guide targeted rehabilitation to redirect the disturbed development of executive function in adolescents with TBI.     

门冬氨酸鸟氨酸联合醒脑静治疗肝性脑病患者疗效及其对血清炎症因子水平的影响

目的 探讨应用门冬氨酸鸟氨酸联合醒脑静治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发肝性脑病(HE)患者的疗效及其对认知功能和血清炎症因子水平的影响。方法 将62例乙型肝炎肝硬化并发HE患者随机分为观察组31例和对照组31例,在常规治疗的基础上分别给予醒脑静或醒脑静联合门冬氨酸鸟氨酸静脉滴注,两组均持续治疗2周。采用ELISA法检测血清白介素-6(IL-6)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,应用数字连接试验(NCT)、数字符号试验(DS)、简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)和长谷川痴呆量表(HDS)行认知功能评价。结果 在治疗2周末,观察组病死率为19.4%,显著低于对照组的35.5%(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组MMSE评分为(28.1±3.2)分,显著高于对照组【(22.1±2.8)分,P<0.05】,HDS评分为(27.7±2.6)分,显著高于对照组【(19.0±2.1)分,P<0.05】,DS评分为(60.7±1.9)分,显著高于对照组【(43.1±4.0)分,P<0.05】,而NCT用时为(51.6±5.9)s,显著短于对照组【(62.4±6.5)s,P<0.05】;观察组血清IL-6水平为(11.8±0.9)ng/L,显著低于对照组【(14.9±1.0)ng/L,P<0.05】,血清CRP水平为(13.6±1.7)ng/L,显著低于对照组【(15.5±1.9)ng/L,P<0.05】,血清TNF-α水平为(12.0±1.0)ng/L,显著低于对照组【(15.9±1.2)ng/L,P<0.05】;观察组血氨(NH₃)水平为(54.9±5.6)μmol/L,显著低于对照组【(85.3±8.7)μmol/L,P<0.05】,而两组血清胆红素和白蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 应用门冬氨酸鸟氨酸联合醒脑静治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发HE患者有一定的效果,在综合治疗的基础上可降低近期病死率,可能与有效地抑制了机体的炎症反应,降低血NH₃水平有关,其远期疗效仍有待于进一步观察。     

矿泉对人体某些生理作用的研究进展

目的探讨矿泉对人体的生理机能影响。方法汇集国内外近年来关于矿泉对人体生理作用的研究进行分析归纳。结果矿泉对人体各部位、各系统均有影响。结论开发利用矿泉这一自然疗养因子，在疗养、康复及医疗方面具有良好的发展前景。     

慢性乙肝、丙肝患者胃蛋白酶原水平的变化及其与肝功能异常的关系

目的：探讨慢性乙肝、丙肝患者血清胃蛋白酶原（PG）水平是否受肝功能异常的影响。方法：选择130例肝功能异常的慢性乙肝、丙肝患者（肝病组）和200例健康体检者（正常对照组）,采用ELISA法检测血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ浓度,计算PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值,比较两组血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ浓度及其比值。将肝病患者按照谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、白蛋白、总胆红素单项指标是否正常分组,比较PGⅠ、PGⅡ以及其比值的差异。结果：肝病组PGⅠ（155.21±93.55 ng/mL）、PGⅡ（16.27±11.95 ng/mL）水平明显高于正常对照组（P<0.001）,PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值（12.82±8.1）低于正常人群（P<0.05）。谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、白蛋白、总胆红素水平与PGⅠ、PGⅡ及其比值无关（P>0.05）。结论：病毒感染导致的慢性肝病可影响血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平,而这种影响作用并不依赖肝细胞损伤或肝脏合成功能损伤,可能与病毒导致的胃粘膜损伤有关。