慢性病儿童家长疾病知识了解现状及情绪障碍调查分析

目的了解部分慢性疾病儿童家长对疾病知识的了解现状和焦虑、抑郁情绪障碍的发生情况。方法采用一般情况调查表、疾病知识问卷和抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS),对68例慢性疾病儿童家长进行调查,并与对照组进行对照。结果慢性疾病儿童家长中有32.35%存在焦虑情绪,22.06%存在抑郁情绪,其中SAS得分与对照组相比具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。73.53%病儿家长对相关疾病知识不甚了解。结论在诊治慢性疾病儿童的同时做好健康教育工作和予以家长心理关注十分重要。     

Clinical consequences of heterozygosity for autosomal-recessive diseases*,**

Heterozygotes of autosomal-recessive diseases can often be recognized by special heterozygote tests, since enzyme activities are normally reduced in comparison with the normal homozygote state. In Drosophila, the majority of recessive lethal mutations shows a reduction of fitness in heterozygotes, whereas in a strong minority fitness of heterozygotes is increased. This review will be devoted to a consideration of the extent to which heterozygotes for a wide variety of nominally recessive diseases are subject either to an increased liability for common diseases or slight shifts of behavioral characteristics. The available evidence has been collected and will be discussed in three steps: Most studies are available for phenylketonuria. For this group of diseases, a slight reduction of average--especially verbal--I.Q. in heterozygotes has been reported together with signs of a slightly increased cerebral irritability, a possible slight increase of risk for mental disease, and an increase of blood phenylalanine levels in stress situations. The PKU example is used to discuss methodological problems involved in such studies. Other conditions for which relevant deviations in heterozygotes are possible or even likely include among others lipid storage diseases, microcephaly, myoclonus epilepsy, Wilson's disease, galaktokinase deficiency, homocystinuria, recessive myotonia and ataxia- teleangiectasia (increased cancer risk). Since heterozygotes for autosomal recessive diseases are common, it is possible that an appreciable fraction of "multifactorial" genetic liabilities for common, "constitutional" or mental disease might simply be due to heterozygosity for genes whose homozygous affects are already well known. By the same token, much of the "normal" genetic variability influencing cognitive performance (I.Q.)--especially in the lower range--and personality characteristics could also be caused by recessive genes in the heterozygous state.     

Perceptual Speed and IQ Are Associated Through Common Genetic Factors

Individual differences in inspection time explain about 20% of IQ test variance. To determine whether the association between inspection time and IQ is mediated by common genes or by a common environmental factor, inspection time and IQ were assessed in an extended twin design. Data from 688 participants from 271 families were collected as part of a large ongoing project on the genetics of adult brain function and cognition. The sample consisted of a young adult cohort (mean age 26.2 years) and an older adult cohort (mean age 50.4 years). IQ was assessed with the Dutch version of the WAIS-3R. Inspection time was measured in the so-called -paradigm, in which a subject is asked to decide which leg of the -figure is longest at varying display times of the -figure. The number of correct inspections per second (i.e., the reciprocal of inspection time) was used to index perceptual speed. For Verbal IQ and Performance IQ, heritabilities were 85% and 69%, respectively. For perceptual speed, 46% of the total variance was explained by genetic variance. No differences in heritability estimates across age cohorts or sexes were found. Across the whole sample, a significant phenotypic correlation was found between perceptual speed and Verbal IQ (0.19) and between perceptual speed and Performance IQ (0.27). These correlations were entirely due to a common genetic factor that accounted for 10% of the genetic variance in verbal IQ and for 22% of the genetic variance in performance IQ. This factor is hypothesized to reflect the influence of genetic factors that determine axonal myelination in the central nervous system.     

盲人智能探路手杖的研究

本文介绍了盲人智能探路手杖的研究.该系统由单片机控制,采用两只超声波传感器的探测模式,对盲人行进路上的路况进行探测和分析,并针对不同的路况发出相应的提示信息,以达到辅助盲人安全行走的目的.     

观看电视暴力对青少年攻击行为的影响

目的 :探讨观看电视暴力对青少年攻击行为的影响。方法 :采用问卷对 2 5 9名初中生进行了观看暴力镜头的频次、对暴力的认同态度、观看暴力镜头的情绪反应、攻击行为倾向等五个方面的调查和分析。结果 :青少年观看暴力镜头频次和兴奋水平程度越高 ,情绪宣泄越少 ,表现出攻击行为倾向越多 ;男生的攻击行为比女生多 ;青少年的攻击行为随年级升高而降低 ;工读学校学生比普通学校学生表现出更多的攻击行为。结论 :过多地观看电视暴力可能导致青少年攻击行为倾向增加 ,且攻击行为与观看电视暴力引起的情绪反应有关。     

脑血管性痴呆的辨证治疗经验

大脑动脉粥样硬化引起的脑血管性痴呆,以神智痴呆、记忆力减退、表情淡漠、呆滞或欣快感、头晕肢麻、手足瞤动等为特点,属于祖国医学的“文痴”、“语言颠倒”、“癫狂”、“善忘”等病症。中老年以后,肝血衰少,肾精亏损,脑失所养,大病久病,热灼真阴,心肝肾阴阳失调,肝阳化风,挟火挟痰,冲犯脑髓,元神失聪。因此,本病是本虚标实之证。虚者,治以培补真阴,补髓填精;实者,则平肝泻火,涤痰醒神,调气化瘀。文中附病案两例,经两个多月治疗,智力提高、记忆增强、精神活动基本恢复正常、生活自理,好转出院。     

Assessing the Economic Value of Clinical Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities

ObjectivesClinical artificial intelligence (AI) is a novel technology, and few economic evaluations have focused on it to date. Before its wider implementation, it is important to highlight the aspects of AI that challenge traditional health technology assessment methods.MethodsWe used an existing broad value framework to assess potential ways AI can provide good value for money. We also developed a rubric of how economic evaluations of AI should vary depending on the case of its use.ResultsWe found that the measurement of core elements of value—health outcomes and cost—are complicated by AI because its generalizability across different populations is often unclear and because its use may necessitate reconfigured clinical processes. Clinicians’ productivity may improve when AI is used. If poorly implemented though, AI may also cause clinicians’ workload to increase. Some AI has been found to exacerbate health disparities. Nevertheless, AI may promote equity by expanding access to medical care and, when properly trained, providing unbiased diagnoses and prognoses. The approach to assessment of AI should vary based on its use case: AI that creates new clinical possibilities can improve outcomes, but regulation and evidence collection may be difficult; AI that extends clinical expertise can reduce disparities and lower costs but may result in overuse; and AI that automates clinicians’ work can improve productivity but may reduce skills.ConclusionsThe potential uses of clinical AI create challenges for health technology assessment methods originally developed for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Health economists should be prepared to examine data collection and methods used to train AI, as these may impact its future value.     

Dietary Habit Is Associated with Depression and Intelligence: An Observational and Genome-Wide Environmental Interaction Analysis in the UK Biobank Cohort

Dietary habits have considerable impact on brain development and mental health. Despite long-standing interest in the association of dietary habits with mental health, few population-based studies of dietary habits have assessed depression and fluid intelligence. Our aim is to investigate the association of dietary habits with depression and fluid intelligence. In total, 814 independent loci were utilized to calculate the individual polygenic risk score (PRS) for 143 dietary habit-related traits. The individual genotype data were obtained from the UK Biobank cohort. Regression analyses were then conducted to evaluate the association of dietary habits with depression and fluid intelligence, respectively. PLINK 2.0 was utilized to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) × dietary habit interaction effect on the risks of depression and fluid intelligence. We detected 22 common dietary habit-related traits shared by depression and fluid intelligence, such as red wine glasses per month, and overall alcohol intake. For interaction analysis, we detected that OLFM1 interacted with champagne/white wine in depression, while SYNPO2 interacted with coffee type in fluid intelligence. Our study results provide novel useful information for understanding how eating habits affect the fluid intelligence and depression.     

新生儿个体化发育支持对极低出生体重儿智力和全身运动发育的影响

目的 分析探讨新生儿个体化发育支持对极低出生体重儿智力和全身运动发育的应用效果和作用。 方法 选取2018年12月1日—2019年7月1日期间在湖南省妇幼保健院出生且符合入选标准的极低出生体重儿90例为研究对象,并随机将其分为对照组(n=37)和观察组(即个体化发育支持组,n=53)。收集所有患儿的基本资料,比较两组体质量恢复时间、完全经口喂养时间及胎粪排尽时间,以及两组患儿的全身运动(general movements,GMs)、患儿智力(mental development index,MDI)、心理运动指数(psychomotor development index,PDI)及发育商(development quotient,DQ)情况,评估两组全身运动及智力发育情况。 结果 观察组的体质量恢复时间为(7.86±2.66)d、完全经口喂养时间为(11.77±3.52)d,胎粪排尽时间为(12.19±4.22)d,时间均短于对照组(均P<0.05);观察组体格变化速度情况高于对照组(P<0.05);随访至矫正胎龄12个月后,观察组全身运动情况、智力发育、心理运动发育指数以及发育商评分均优于对照组(均P<0.001)。 结论 新生儿个体化发育支持可以促进极低出生体重儿智力及全身运动的发育,减少异常GMs发生率,可推广应用。