喉癌组织中类高内皮微静脉的形态学观察

目的 通过对喉癌组织中类高内皮微静脉的超微结构观察,探讨淋巴细胞归巢的途径及抗肿瘤意义.方法 采用透射电镜及阳性胶体铁染色方法,观察和研究32例喉癌组织中的类高内皮微静脉的超微结构.结果 在癌周区出现大量类高内皮微静脉,其内皮高大,胞浆突起增多,细胞核大,细胞器丰富.有淋巴细胞穿越管壁.结论 喉癌组织中部分毛细血管后微静脉可演变为类高内皮微静脉,是淋巴细胞归巢的重要场所;肿瘤组织中的淋巴细胞归巢与抗肿瘤密切相关.     

药物性卵巢早衰动物模型的制备

目的 通过测定大鼠的卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)水平,以及透射电镜下观察卵巢超微结构的改变,探索经济、简便易行的药物性卵巢早衰动物模型的制备方法,进而为寻找药物性卵巢早衰的治疗方法提供可靠的实验依据.方法 采用分别胃饲生理盐水和雷公藤多甙片悬浮液的方法,通过比较两组大鼠的FSH,LH,E2水平、透射电镜下观察卵巢皮质超微结构的变化等,确定药物性卵巢早衰动物模型的简便易行的制备方法.结果 ①性激素结果:模型组的FSH升高至(4.27±0.89)IU/L,LH升高至(5.18±1.08)IU/L,E2降至(5.12±3.33)pg/L,分别较正常对照组的FSH(1.43±0.81)IU/L,LH(2.44±0.82)IU/L明显升高(P＜0.05),较E2(9.13±3.84)pg/L明显降低(P＜0.05).②电镜结果:模型组较正常对照组卵巢皮质颗粒细胞中约有10%的细胞超微结构发生变化,细胞内空泡变显著,粗面内质网出现明显的扩张及脱颗粒现象.结论 ①胃饲雷公藤多甙片建立药物性卵巢早衰动物模型的方法周期短、成功率高、简便易行,且实验对象痛苦小、易配合、不易死亡;②模型组与正常对照组相关性激素数值有明显差异,同时透射电镜下观察到细胞内部明显的衰退征象,故视为结果可靠.     

Electron microscopic changes and edema after nine hours' perfusion of isolated canine hearts

In a comparative study, we investigated whether or not removed and non-beating hearts could be preserved in vitro by continuous perfusion with oxygen-carrying solutions (blood, perfluoro-carbon emulsion) and simultaneous substitution with specific substrates. We used 18 mongrel dogs subdivided into 2 groups (1st group: perfluorocarbon emulsion; 2nd group: blood); the perfusion time was 9 h. In addition to parameters to control the medium of the perfusion solution, we measured parameters that would allow us to assess the success of the extended perfusion. These parameters were high-energy phosphates and, in particular, electron optical analysis. At the end of the perfusion period, electron optical analysis revealed a mild and reversible ischemic reaction by the myocardial cells in both groups. However, statistical analysis showed (1) a significant increase in the ischemic reaction for both groups over the perfusion period (P=0.02), and (2) a significant, even more pronounced ischemic reaction in the subendocardial myocardium (P=0.025). It should be noted that distinctly interstitial edema developed during the perfusion period and that this would appear to be a fairly critical problem with extended continuous isolated heart perfusion.Supported by grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Unidentified Bacterial Microorganisms Entrapped Within Blood Capillary Spaces of Tissue From Different Epidemiological Types of Kaposi's Sarcoma

Tissue specimens of different epidemiological types of Kaposís sarcoma (KS) from various geographical regions were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Freshly fixed KS biopsies originated from 9 German patients: 3 classic KS cases, 5 AIDS-associated KS cases, and 1 atypical classic KS case. Additionally, KS autopsy material from the brain of a German AIDS patient was examined. Further biopsies came from 29 Ugandan patients: 16 endemic KS cases and 13 AIDS-associated KS cases. While investigating the ultrastructure, we discovered relatively small-sized bacterial microorganisms within blood capillary spaces of tumor tissue from 5 KS cases of different epidemiological type. The microorganisms often occurred in clusters. They were of coccoid-bacillary form and limited by a wrinkled multilayered cell wall. Many of them were encapsulated. They were not observed outside of the capillary lumen. The bacterial structures were often seen attached to capillary endothelial cells, which sometimes showed blistering into the capillary lumen. The observed bacterial microorganisms obviously represented agents of a bloodstream infection and must have been entrapped and accumulated within capillary spaces of KS tissue. The bacteria, which had an almost identical morphology in all 5 KS cases, could not be identified. If they are of pathogenic significance, it remains unknown.     

Biodegradation of Titanium Implants After Long-Time Insertion Used for the Treatment of Fractured Upper and Lower Jaws Through Osteosynthesis: Element Analysis by Electron Microscopy and EDX or EELS

Twelve patients underwent an osteosynthesis with titanium to treat upper and lower jaw fractures. Six to 12 months later, the miniplates were removed. Tissue samples were analyzed by light and electron microscopy for detection of a metallosis. The analysis showed new bone formation like callus tissue around the miniplates. In some cases small, rounded deposits and accumulation of colloid-like particles located next to bigger titanium artifacts were detected in the cytoplasm of histiocytes and in the matrix of connective tissue. The titanium was identified by elemental analysis using EDX in SEM as well as by EELS and electron diffraction in TEM. Both kinds of particles contain titanium, but they seem to be different in composition and derivation. The bigger particles seem to consist of metallic titanium and sourced by working on the metallic implants during the implantation itself. On the other hand, the colloidal-like, small, rounded particles in tissue macrophages and outside the cells in the matrix of connective tissue are presumably of other origin; for example, they could be derived from biodegradation and chemical conversion of the metallic implants. The titanium miniplates were examined before and after implantation by using ESCA technique and revealed metallic titanium and different compositions with other elements. The amount of titanium load of the tissue was very low in most cases and presumably not of biomedical relevance.     

Microvillous Inclusion Disease: Report of a Case with Atypical Features

Microvillous inclusion disease is a rare lethal disorder characterized by intractable, severe, watery diarrhea beginning in early infancy. The underlying defect is thought to be an autosomal recessive genetic abnormality resulting in defective brush-border assembly and differentiation. Normally, this diagnosis is easily established through the electron microscopic demonstration of characteristic microvilli-lined inclusions lying within the apical cytoplasm of surface enterocytes. In a small number of patients appearing to have microvillous inclusion disease it has not proven possible to demonstrate the typical inclusions. The existence of another entity, termed intestinal microvillous dystrophy, has been proposed to account for such occurrences. This assertion was founded in large part upon the observation that the few subjects studied all displayed a slightly atypical clinical presentation. The case now being presented exhibited the morphologic features ascribed to intestinal microvillous dystrophy but had a clinical presentation that was entirely typical of microvillous inclusion disease. It serves thus to conceptually unite intestinal microvillous dystrophy with microvillous inclusion disease.     

Xanthogranulomatous Appendicitis - An Incidental Finding of Localized Pathology

The clinical, histopathological, and electron microscopic features of an unusual case of xanthogranulomatous appendicitis are reported. The patient, a 37-year-old female, presented with typical signs of acute appendicitis and the appendix appeared slightly dilated at laparatomy. The histopathological sections showed numerous xanthoma cells mixed with inspissated fecaliths. Electron microscopy disclosed the presence of xanthoma cells filled with electron-lucent lipid droplets of variable size. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells enabled the distinction of two types of lipid-laden histiocytes, in relationship to the size of the lipid droplets. Since the lipid droplets were seen also in cells other than histiocytes, it appears that these changes are secondary to a common mechanism,comprising factors such as obstruction, hemorrhage, inflammation,and local hypoxia.     

Hydroxychloroquine-induced Phospholipidosis in a Case of SLE: The Wolf in Zebra Clothing

Abstract

A 30 year old lady patient of SLE on steroid and hydroxychloroquine therapy presented with lupus nephritis and later developed cardiac symptoms. Her renal biopsy revealed features of Class III lupus nephritis. Also seen was typical lamellated myelinoid material in the glomerulus. The alpha-galactosidase A activity was normal. The clinical morphological and biochemical findings were consistent with Lupus nephritis showing changes of hydroxychloroquine induced phopholipidosis. Electron microscopy along with careful clinical examination and follow up status was instrumental in the diagnosis of the latter.     

Brenner Tumor of the Ovary: A Comparative Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study With Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Because of a fancied light microscopic resemblance to transitional epithelium (urothelium), Brenner tumor (BT) of the ovary is commonly described as a transitional cell neoplasm. An inability to detect a great deal of similarity between the two at the ultrastructural level prompted this electron microscopic study comparing 3 benign Brenner tumors with normal urothelium and 6 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of varying histologic grade from the urinary bladder. To complement the ultrastructural observations, the immunophenotype of 8 benign BTs was evaluated together with that of 12 TCCs of the bladder using antibodies to thrombomodulin (TM), cytokeratin 20, cytokeratin 7, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), all of which havebeen shown to react with TCCs of urothelial origin. At the ultrastructural level, there was only limited evidence of a morphologic likeness between the epithelial cells of BTs and those of the benign or neoplastic urothelium. The immunophenotype of the two tumors also differed significantly in that there was no reactivity for TM or cytokeratin 20 in the BTs, while these markers were expressed in the TCCs. Both BTs and TCCs were positive for cytokeratin 7 and may express CEA.     

Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Interior of Cells in Hürthle Cell Tumors

Four cases of Hurthle cell tumor were examined by scanning electron microscopy after being macerated to remove all soluble components. By all morphological criteria, Hurthle cells are oncocytes with their usual augmented complement of mitochondria. The Hurthle cell mitochondria either are ovate with central stacks of cristae or elliptical or rod-like with cristae that often are finger-like. As in salivary gland oncocytes, the shelf-like cristae are anchored to the inner boundary membrane by tubular necks. In some Hurthle cells, all of the mitochondria exhibit reticulate cristae. A few mitochondria harbor a globular inclusion in their inner compartment. The Golgi apparatuses are relatively simple, consisting of imbricated saccules that are edged by small, bud-like structures. The rare lumina in the midst of clusters of Hurthle cells are lined by numerous microvilli. Thus, scanning electron microscopy of macerated Hurthle cell tumors has revealed a number of features, especially of their mitochondria, that have escaped detection by transmission electron microscopy.