Increased risk of cardiovascular perforation during ECMO with a bicaval,wire-reinforced cannula

Purpose

Cardiac or major vascular perforation is a rare but serious risk of ECMO. We sought to determine if perforation rates are related to cannula design.

Methods

We utilized three methods to evaluate perforation on ECMO. 1. The ELSO registry was queried to establish the historical rate of hemorrhagic pericardial tamponade. 2. ELSO centers were surveyed regarding cannula related perforation events and brands of cannulas used over a four year time period (January 2008–March 2012). 3. The FDA’s MAUDE database was reviewed looking for adverse events related to ECMO cannulas.

Results

The historical rate of hemorrhagic pericardial tamponade in the ELSO registry was 0.53% (~ 1985–2010, ELSO registry). In the survey there were eleven reports of cannula-related perforation, 0.74% (11/1482 p-value = 0.29) at 7 different ELSO centers with 23 ELSO centers responding (17% response rate). The incidence of perforation was much higher for the wire-reinforced bicaval design 3.6% (10/279) as compared to catheters designed for the atrial position, 0.1% (1/1203, p-value < 0.0001). Review of the FDA’s MAUDE database revealed 19 adverse events related to the bicaval cannula design, 16 of which were hemorrhagic pericardial effusions or tamponade.

Conclusion

These findings suggest a relatively high rate of cardiac perforation associated with the dual lumen bicaval cannula. This may be related to inherent differences in cannula design or the IVC positioning required by the design.     

体外膜肺氧合相关性脑损伤的研究进展

体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)的目的是绕过肺部或心肺系统为严重呼吸衰竭和(或)心力衰竭患者的组织提供足够氧合血.ECMO循环回路本质上由4部分组成:①从静脉系统引血;②提供回路中血流量;③给静脉血液充氧;④将加热后的氧合血液输回静脉或动脉系统.在静脉静脉(VV-)ECMO中,流出管道直接插入静脉系统(通常为股静脉、颈内静脉或锁骨下静脉),而在静脉动脉(VA-)ECMO中,流出插管插入动脉系统(通常为股动脉、锁骨下动脉、腋动脉、颈动脉).ECMO现已成功应用于循环障碍及各种严重呼吸衰竭的支持治疗,但ECMO并发症发生率较高,其中脑组织耗氧量高、氧储备能力低及对缺氧耐受性差是ECMO治疗中最易受损的器官.本综述目的是回顾与ECMO治疗相关的神经系统并发症,总结各种有助于脑血流、脑损伤的监测方法,并探讨脑自动调节功能受损的可能机制.     

Temporal Trends and Outcomes of Mechanical Complications in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the temporal trends and outcomes of mechanical complications after myocardial infarction in the contemporary era.BackgroundData regarding temporal trends and outcomes of mechanical complications after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are limited in the contemporary era.MethodsThe National Inpatient Sample database (2003 to September 2015) was queried to identify all STEMI and NSTEMI hospitalizations. Temporal trends and outcomes of mechanical complications after STEMI and NSTEMI, including papillary muscle rupture, ventricular septal defect, and free wall rupture, were described.ResultsThe analysis included 3,951,861 STEMI and 5,114,270 NSTEMI hospitalizations. Mechanical complications occurred in 10,726 of STEMI hospitalizations (0.27%) and 3,041 of NSTEMI hospitalizations (0.06%), with no changes in trends (p = 0.13 and p = 0.83, respectively). The rates of in-hospital mortality in patients with mechanical complications were 42.4% after STEMI and 18.0% after NSTEMI, with no significant trend changes (p = 0.62 and p = 0.12, respectively). After multivariate adjustment, patients who had mechanical complications after myocardial infarction had higher in-hospital mortality, cardiogenic shock, acute kidney injury, hemodialysis, and respiratory complications compared with those without mechanical complications. Predictors of lower mortality in patients with mechanical complications who developed cardiogenic shock included surgical repair in the STEMI and NSTEMI cohorts and percutaneous coronary intervention in the STEMI cohort.ConclusionsContemporary data from a large national database show that the rates of mechanical complications are low in patients presenting with STEMI and NSTEMI. Post–myocardial infarction mechanical complications continue to be associated with high mortality rates, which did not improve during the study period.     

Prolonged total extracorporeal lung assistance without systemic heparinization

A 16-year-old female developed severe ARDS in her single remaining lung following pneumonectomy for blunt trauma. Total extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) for 40 days using a covalently heparin-coated circuit proved lifesaving. Systemic heparinization was not applied, as the heparinized surface by itself prevented clotting of the extracorporeal circuit. Systemic primary fibrinolysis developed but was not associated with major bleeding. A veno-right ventricular cannulation technique was used and maximum venous drainage for the extracorporeal circulation was achieved by elevating the bed 50 cm from the floor. This allowed extracorporeal blood flow (ECBF) approaching cardiac output (CO) and complete extracorporeal replacement of lung function. After 40 days, lung recovery allowed discontinuation of ECLA. Five days later the patient suffered serious lung collapse and was operated for a bronchopleural fistula. The patient was extubated 4 weeks after terminating ECLA and discharged in good condition 5 weeks later.     

The Saudi Critical Care Society extracorporeal life support chapter guidance on utilization of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome and special considerations in the era of coronavirus disease 2019

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is considered as a supportive treatment that provides circulatory and ventilatory support and can be thought off as a bridge to organ recovery. Since 2009, it has been applied as a rescue treatment for patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mainly due to viral causes. In December 2019, several patients presented with a constellation of symptoms of viral pneumonia in China. A new strain of the corona virus family, called COVID-19, has been discovered to be the cause of this severe mysterious illness that was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). This new virus continued to spread across the globe leading to the World Health Organization announcing it as a pandemic in the early 2020. By the end of March 2021, the number of COVID-19 cases worldwide exceeded 126 million cases. In Saudi Arabia, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in the 2nd March 2020. By the end of March 2021, the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia is just above 360,000. In anticipation of the need of ECMO for the treatment of patients with SARS‑CoV‑2 based on the previous Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus pandemic experience, the Saudi Extra-Corporeal Life Support (ECLS) chapter that is under the umbrella of the Saudi Critical Care Society (SCCS) convened a working group of ECMO experts. The mission of this group was to formulate a guidance for the use of ECMO as a last resort for patients with severe ARDS, especially with COVID-19 based on available evidence. The ECLS-SCCS chapter wanted to generate a document that can be used to simple guide, with a focus on safety, to provide ECMO service for patients with severe ARDS with a special focus on SARS‑CoV‑2.     

静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合对无氧呼吸犬的供氧效果

目的探讨静脉(V)-V体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)对犬在无氧呼吸条件下的供氧效果。方法8只健康家犬,麻醉后建立股V-颈VECMO途径,停止犬的自主呼吸,以简易呼吸器维持呼吸,建立V-VECMO转流后,以氮气(N2)代替氧气(O2)造成无氧呼吸状态。实验中观察(1)V-VECMO通路所能达到的最大转流率(体外循环血量/心输出量);(2)转流率一定时相对应的动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2);(3)以转流率为自变量X,SaO2为应变量Y,以Spearman秩相关算出其相关系数rs,并采用rs界值表检验,P<0.05有统计学意义。结果(1)体外循环转流率与SaO2高度正相关(rs=0.951,P<0.01)。(2)转流率最大值的平均值为44.6%(95%可信限区间为43.3～45.9%)。(3)维持SaO2为90.0%时转流率预测值为22.5%,肛温36.2℃时实测值为21.5%。结论股V(插入下腔V)-颈内V途径ECMO对无氧呼吸犬提供氧支持有较大安全空间。     

Short-term mechanical circulatory support by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the management of cardiogenic shock and end-stage heart failure

Despite modern treatment modalities, cardiogenic shock is associated with a very high risk of mortality and morbidity. The short- and long-term survival in patients with cardiogenic shock or end-stage heart failure has improved considerably by recent technological advances in short and long-term mechanical circulatory support devices. For short-term mechanical support, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has been increasingly used as bridge-to-decision and bridge-to-recovery in cardiogenic shock patients. Long-term mechanical circulatory support devices such as left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are widely available and play a central role in bridge-to-transplantation in those eligible for heart transplantation (HTX) and as destination therapy (DT) in those not eligible for heart transplantation. Nevertheless, patients with critical cardiogenic shock show a deleterious outcome after LVAD-implantation or HTX with higher mortality, more complications and higher burden on financial resources. These considerations underscore the importance of optimal timing and appropriate patient selection for eventual LVAD therapy. The current report will focus on the immediate management of patients with cardiogenic shock with inotropes, discuss the use of IABP and focus mainly on pivotal choices to be made in the period spanned by short term mechanical circulatory support in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock.     

Impact of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction on Lung Transplantation Outcome in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Diastolic dysfunction may influence perioperative outcome, early graft function, and long‐term survival. We compared the outcomes of double lung transplantation (DLTx) for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with preoperative left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction with the outcomes of patients without diastolic dysfunction. Of 116 consecutive patients with PAH (who underwent transplantation between January 1995 and December 2013), 44 met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fourteen (31.8%) patients with diastolic dysfunction pretransplantation had a higher body mass index (29 [IQR 21.5–32.6] vs 22.4 [IQR 19.9–25.3] kg/m²) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (54.6 ± 10 mmHg vs 47 ± 11.3 mmHg) and right atrial pressure (16.5 ± 5.2 mmHg vs 10.6 ± 5.2 mmHg). The patients received extracorporeal life support more frequently (33% vs 7% [p = 0.02]), had worse APACHE II scores (21.7 ± 7.4 vs 15.3 ± 5.3 [p = 0.02]), and a trend toward worse ventilator‐free days (2.5 [IQR 6.5–32.5] vs 17 [IQR 3–23] [p = 0.08]). There was no effect on development of primary graft dysfunction or intensive care unit/hospital survival. One‐year survival was worse (hazard ratio [HR] 4.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–22, p = 0.02). Diastolic dysfunction was the only variable that correlated with overall survival (HR 5.4, 95% CI 1.3–22, p = 0.02). Diastolic dysfunction leads to early postoperative morbidity and worse survival in patients with PAH after DLTx.     

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: experience without extracoporeal membrane oxygenation

While extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), its value is questioned. The charts of all newborn infants who presented in respiratory distress due to CDH over the past 27 years were reviewed. Inborn versus outborn, year of repair, use of ultrasound (US), and the predictive value of various parameters was evaluated. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression tests were used to analyze data. There were 81 patients, 43 males and 38 females. Repair occurred after stabilization without ECMO; 65 patients survived (80%). Apgar scores at 1 min (P=0.03) and 5 min (P=0.005), best postductal PaO₂ (BPDPaO₂) (P=0.02), and type of repair (P=0.01) were predictive of outcome. There was no difference in survival between inborn and outborn patients or over the years of review (P=0.29). Forty-six patients had documented prenatal US scans, with no obvious impact on outcome. Thus, survival of CDH patients without ECMO is comparable to the best results reported with ECMO, suggesting that the costs and associated morbidity of ECMO may not justify its use for such patients. Apgar scores, BPDPaO₂, and type of repair are good predictors of outcome. Accepted: 9 March 2001