体外膜肺氧合患者抗感染治疗的药学监护

目的 分析体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）时抗感染治疗药物监护的重点和难点。方法 回顾性分析28例使用体外膜肺氧合治疗的危重症患者,统计患者的临床基本情况、病原学检出、抗感染药物使用和治疗药物监测情况。结果 28例患者中男性20例,女性8例,平均年龄为44.7岁,平均ECMO持续时间20.3 d,使用ECMO前即有肝功能不全者16例、肾功能不全5例、心衰7例、低蛋白血症18例,12例合并使用持续肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）,平均APACHEII评分为19.1分,SOFA评分为7.6分。ECMO撤离后最终治疗成功、存活患者7例,死亡、自动出院或放弃治疗21例。共培养出病原体55例,多数为多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌、碳青霉烯类药物耐药,治疗药物监测为万古霉素19例、碳青霉烯类11例、伏立康唑4例,血药浓度监测各品种均有超过半数未在治疗范围内。结论 ECMO影响危重患者的血药浓度,应加强对该类患者的抗感染治疗药学监护。     

Challenges of acute phase neuroimaging in VA-ECMO,pitfalls and alternative imaging options

Large vessel occlusion in patients on ECMO is challenging to appreciate clinically secondary to sedation or induced paralysis, thus placing more emphasis on neurovascular imaging. However, emergent CTA and CTP are both inaccurate and unreliable in ECMO patients due to altered circuitry and interference with normal physiologic hemodynamics. In this review, the utility of DSA is discussed in evaluating the altered hemodynamics of VA-ECMO circuits and patency of major vasculature. In addition, the potential use of TCD in ECMO patients is discussed.     

Extracorporeal CO2 removal as bridge to lung transplantation in life‐threatening hypercapnia

In patients awaiting lung transplantation (LTX), adequate gas exchange may not be sufficiently achieved by mechanical ventilation alone if acute respiratory decompensation arises. We report on 20 patients with life‐threatening hypercapnia who received extracorporeal CO₂ removal (ECCO2‐R) by means of the interventional lung assist (ILA®, Novalung) as bridge to LTX. The most common underlying diagnoses were bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, respectively. The type of ILA was pumpless arteriovenous or pump‐driven venovenous (ILA activve®, Novalung) in 10 patients each. ILA bridging was initiated in 15 invasively ventilated and five noninvasively ventilated patients, of whom one had to be intubated prior to LTX. Hypercapnia and acidosis were effectively corrected in all patients within the first 12 h of ILA therapy: PaCO₂ declined from 109 (70–146) to 57 (45–64) mmHg, P < 0.0001; pH increased from 7.20 (7.06–7.28) to 7.39 (7.35–7.49), P < 0.0001. Four patients were switched to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation due to progressive hypoxia or circulatory failure. Nineteen patients (95%) were successfully transplanted. Hospital and 1‐year survival was 75 and 72%, respectively. Bridging to LTX with ECCO2‐R delivered by arteriovenous pumpless or venovenous pump‐driven ILA is feasible and associated with high transplantation and survival rates.     

Preoperative palliation of newborn obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection by endovascular stent placement.

Patients with obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) usually present critically ill and continue to be extremely challenging with presurgical stabilization. We present an extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-dependent neonate with obstructed TAPVC that was successfully palliated with transvenous stent placement in the obstructed vertical vein.     

A winter to remember! Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for life‐threatening asthma in children: A case series and review of literature

Progressive refractory near‐fatal asthma requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation can lead to death. Data on outcomes in children requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for status asthmaticus is sparse. We describe our experience of three patients in the winter of 2018 to 2019 successfully rescued with ECMO. We also report our novel use of extubation while still being on ECMO support. Awareness and use of ECMO in refractory asthma can help lower the mortality for this very common disease in children. We also review the current literature on the use of ECMO and other extracorporeal therapies in asthma.