Adrenal histoplasmosis: clinical presentation and imaging features in nine cases

Background: We describe a retrospective analysis of the clinical presentation and imaging features in nine patients with adrenal histoplasmosis in nonimmunocompromised patients from a nonendemic region.Methods: Clinically, a tuberculosis-like presentation in four patients and a tumor-like presentation in five patients were seen. All patients were seronegative for the human immunodeficiency virus. Ultrasound (US) in all patients, computed tomography (CT) in six, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in three showed suprarenal masses. CT-guided (in five) and US-guided (in four) biopsy and fine-needle aspiration cytology established a definite diagnosis. The work-up for malignancy and tuberculosis was negative.Results: On cross-sectional imaging, eight patients had bilateral adrenal masses and one had a unilateral adrenal mass. Imaging features were variable. All adrenal masses were hypoechoic on US, homogeneous in five, and heterogeneous in four patients. All adrenal masses were hypodense on CT, homogeneous in four, and heterogeneous in two. Heterogeneous enhancement was seen in three, homogeneous enhancement in two, and no enhancement in one patient. MRI in three patients showed that the masses were of variable signal intensity on all pulse sequences.Conclusion: Our case series showed that adrenal histoplasmosis does occur in immunocompetent persons living in areas not endemic for the disease. The imaging features were variable.     

Disseminated tuberculosis with paradoxical reactions caused by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain belonging to the Indo-Oceanic lineage: An imported case in Japan

Tuberculosis remains a major public health concern. Millions of tuberculosis cases and associated deaths have been reported worldwide. The Indo-Oceanic lineage Mycobacterium tuberculosis is common in Southeast Asia and causes extrapulmonary lesions. Only a few case studies on this lineage with genetic analysis using whole-genome sequencing have been reported in the literature. We present a case of disseminated tuberculosis, characterized by a variety of extrapulmonary lesions and paradoxical reactions, caused by the Indo-Oceanic lineage M. tuberculosis in a woman in Myanmar. A 22-year-old Burmese woman had arthritis in the right knee, with unknown aetiology, and was referred to our hospital. Computed tomography of the trunk revealed multiple nodular shadows in both lungs; swollen mediastinal lymph nodes; and small, low-density areas in the spleen. M. tuberculosis was detected in the sputum sample, joint aspirate, subcutaneous tumor, and exudate. She experienced a variety of paradoxical reactions together with aggressive tuberculosis dissemination in all areas of the body. Whole-genome sequencing of the DNA of MTB obtained from sputum and the right cervical subcutaneous abscess confirmed the Indo-Oceanic lineage of M. tuberculosis, the predominant strain in Myanmar. The Indo-Oceanic lineage M. tuberculosis causes disseminated tuberculosis all over the body including the periungual region. When patients show unusual symptoms, physicians should consider the introduction of new strains from foreign countries. Genetic analyses of the strains are recommended to define and confirm the lineages.     

联合应用冰冻单采血小板与冷沉淀治疗弥散性血管内凝血

目的研究冰冻单采血小板与冷沉淀联合应用(冰冻联合组)治疗弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)的效果。方法将41例DIC患者随机分成两组：24例为冰冻联合组,17例为联合应用新鲜单采血小板和冷沉淀(新鲜联合组)。测定两组患者输前1 h和输后2 h指标：①凝血酶时间(TT)；②活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)；③凝血酶原时间(PT)；④纤维蛋白原(Fbg)；⑤血小板(PLT)；⑥统计比较两组输后24 h内续用悬浮红细胞量。结果冰冻联合组与新鲜联合组输后2 h比较：TT、PT、APTT及Fbg差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05),PLT显著减少(P＜0．05),24 h内人均续用红细胞量显著减少(P＜0．05)。结论冰冻单采血小板和冷沉淀联合应用治疗DIC具有更佳的止血疗效。     

孕产妇弥散性血管内凝血的成分输血疗效观察

目的探讨成分输血抢救孕产妇弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)的疗效。方法参照DIC诊断标准、治疗原则及成分输血方案制订详细的孕产妇DIC治疗方案,分析在去除病因前、后输注成分血,特别是新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)对血常规及出凝血相关指标的影响及临床出血情况。结果符合条件的25名病人在去除病因前,成分输血(如FFP)对临床出血症状、血小板计数、凝血酶原时间、活化的部分凝血活酶时间、纤维蛋白原、3P试验等指标的纠正不明显(P>0.10),但在病因去除后得到明显改善(P<0.001)。在输注浓缩血小板前静脉注射微量肝素10mg是比较安全的。羊水栓塞孕产妇在密切观察下及时静脉注射小剂量肝素(25～50mg)可阻止DIC的进展。结论成分输血抢救孕产妇DIC出血有一定疗效,在去除病因后疗效更好,早期输注成分血对去除产科病因,赢得抢救时间有积极作用。     

产科弥漫性血管内凝血的护理30例

肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄、梗阻是造成先天性小儿肾积水最常见的原因，约占90％。常见的治疗方法是离断式肾盂输尿管成型术。我院1998年12月-2004年11月行介入治疗，经皮肾穿刺输尿管球囊成型扩张术治疗因肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄所致肾积水患儿32例，取得良好疗效，现将护理报道如下。     

胎盘早剥25例临床分析

目的:探讨胎盘早剥的发病原因、胎盘早剥与妊高症及急性弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)的关系。方法:对2000年1月-2004年7月25例胎盘早剥患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:(1)25例胎盘早剥患者的发病原因主要是妊高症、机械性因素(包括私人不恰当操作)、羊水过多、胎膜早破;(2)25例胎盘早剥患者中妊高症10例(40%),重度妊高症6例(24%);(3)25例胎盘早剥患者并发DIC6例(24%);(4)25例胎盘早剥患者中死胎5例(20%),新生儿死亡2例(8%),死产1例(4%),新生儿窒息5例(20%),孕产妇死亡1例(4%),次全子宫切除5例(20%),产后出血9例(36%)。6例并发DIC患者中死胎4例(66.7%),新生儿重度窒息1例(16.7%);产妇死亡1例(16.7%),次全子宫切除4例(66.7%)。结论:胎盘早剥是严重威胁孕产妇及胎儿生命的妊娠晚期并发症,尤其是重度妊高症诱发的胎盘早剥,易并发急性DIC,威胁母婴安全。     

盆腔填塞在产科DIC术中急救的应用观察

目的观察盆腔填塞应用于产科DIC病人术中急救的效果和可行性。方法对8例术中弥漫性渗血无法用常规缝扎、压迫等方法止血的DIC病人采用纱垫（条）填塞盆腔以止血。结果8例均止血成功,取出纱条无再出血,无严重感染、血栓等手术并发症。结论盆腔填塞是严重DIC病人术中弥漫性出血的安全有效的止血方法。     

Cerebral venous thrombosis treated with enoxaparin in an IUGR neonate with DIC

Background  The case of a term IUGR newborn who presented a cerebral vein thrombosis diagnosed by routine ultrasound brain scan, and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance venography, is reported. A thrombosis of cortical cerebral veins and intracerebral haemorrhage in the right frontal paramedian region was observed. Methods  Treatment with enoxaparin was started at the initial dose of 0.5 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 h and then at 1.25 mg/kg per 12 h in order to obtain anti-factor Xa levels between 0.5 and 1.0 U/ml. After hospital discharge, enoxaparin was continued for 2 months with a lower dose (1.8 mg/kg/die). Conclusion  Treatment with enoxaparin was effective as demonstrated by a complete “restitutio ad integrum”.