Surgical management of diaphragmatic injuries

Background Traumatic diaphragmatic lesions have variable presentations and need a high index of suspicion to be diagnosed in the acute phase. Delayed diagnosis is frequently associated with considerable comorbidity. Material and Methods The present retrospective study aims to evaluate the radiological findings and discuss the surgical approach for the repair of the injured diaphragm. This study includes fifteen cases with diaphragmatic injuries, which were surgically managed between 1994 and 2005. Injuries resulted from violent blunt trauma in twelve patients and three patients had penetrating injuries. Patients presented with hypotension, respiratory insufficiency, acute abdomen and hemothorax. Preoperative diagnosis was established in 12/15 (80%) patients depending on the clinical and the chest skiagram findings. Intra-operative diagnosis was made in the rest. Injuries were more common on the left side (11/15, 73.33%). All these patients underwent repair of the defect by direct closure in double layer using monofilament polypropylene suture. In addition, laparotomy was performed in four patients who had liver and spleen injury. Concomitant procedures included lobectomy, segmentectomy, repair of lung laceration, spleenectomy, spleenorraphy, repair of gastric perforation, intestinal perforation and mesenteric tear. Results One patient died (1/15, 6.66%) of associated injuries. Two patients with major liver injuries had prolonged drainage and repeated subdiaphragmatic collections. Conclusions Associated lesions particularly influence the outcome after traumatic lesions of the diaphragm. Surgical exploration is mandatory whenever diaphragmatic injuries are suspected. Right-sided injuries are best exposed and managed through the right thoracotomy. Direct suture is effective in preventing future specific complications.     

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目的评价经腹、膈肌裂孔途径行根治性切除累及食管下段近侧部进展期胃癌的可行性和有效性。方法1999～2001年针对20例经腹、膈肌裂孔途径切除全胃和食管下段的病人，收集手术时间、术中失血量、ICU治疗时间、切除标本病理资料。结果与20例经胸腹途径切除全胃和食管下段病人相比。结果经腹、膈肌裂孔手术时间较短，术中失血量减少，ICU治疗时间短。结论经腹、膈肌裂孔途径手术切除近侧部进展期胃癌是替代胸腹途径手术的合理手术方法，避免剖胸手术对病人的创伤。     

13例神经肌炎的临床及肌电图研究

目的:探讨神经肌炎的临床特点以及肌电图(EMG)、神经传导速度(NCV)的诊断价值。方法:分析13例神经肌炎临床表现、EMG、NCV结果。结果:13例患者均以肌肉受累为主要临床表现;11例并发有神经病变的症状及体征。13例患者NCV均有异常。所检测的104根神经NCV异常率为57.7%。F波异常率为26.9%。11例针极EMG呈神经源性与肌源性混合损害,2例呈神经源性损害。结论:EMG、NCV是有价值的电生理诊断方法。确诊神经肌炎需结合临床表现和EMG结果。     

遗传性痉挛性截瘫一大家系19例遗传学分析

对遗传性痉挛性截瘫一家系6代98人进行了遗传学调查。其中19例均表现典型的临床症状。并对2例作肌电图检查显示锥体束损害征,对存活的患者进行染色体G显带分析,结果无显著异常。据系谱分析,该疾病符合常染色体显性遗传方式。     

Aging of phrenic nerve conduction in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: We elucidated the possible relationship between age and conduction parameters of phrenic nerve in subjects above the sixth decade, comparing with the data from middle-age controls. METHODS: Diaphragmatic action potentials (DAPs) were recorded on bilateral hemithoraces of 41 volunteers aged 60-101 years (old group) and 25 volunteers aged 35-55 years (middle-age group). Statistical analyses were performed to assess the effects of aging on latency, latency corrected by size (Lat/Dist), amplitude, and the right-left difference of these DAP parameters. RESULTS: In all 61 subjects, age showed a significant quadratic correlation with latency and with Lat/Dist, and a linear correlation with amplitude. The right-left differences ranged from 0.0 to 14.5% for latency and from 6.5 to 112.4% for amplitude in the elderly. CONCLUSIONS: The normal ranges of DAP parameters should be determined according to age. The left-right difference may be a useful reference in diagnosing unilateral phrenic nerve lesion. SIGNIFICANCE: The precise normal ranges of phrenic nerve conduction parameters presented will encourage investigations of neuropathies in subjects aged above 60.     

多项诱发电位对职业中毒神经损害的初步研究

目的研究多项诱发电位评估职业中毒神经损伤的临床价值。方法对27例职业中毒患者进行运动诱发电位(MEP)、体感诱发电位(SEP)、肋间体感诱发电位(ISEP)、肌电图(EMG)检测,同期作相关检查。结果职业中毒男性患者MEP上下肢皮层脊髓和女性左上肢、右下肢皮层和左下肢脊髓潜伏期（PL）较正常人有显著改变（P均<0.05）,尿中重金属浓度与诱发电位(EP)异常显著相关（γ="0.284;P<"0.05）。结论诱发电位技术是评估职业中毒伴中枢及周围神经中枢损害的一种较好方法。     

Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy in a patient with gastric cancer complicated by eventration of the diaphragm: A case report

Diaphragmatic eventration refers to an abnormal elevation of the diaphragm. Here, we report the case of a patient with gastric cancer who underwent successful laparoscopic distal gastrectomy despite the presence of diaphragmatic eventration. The patient was a 72-year-old man diagnosed with early gastric cancer in the antrum, as detected by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Preoperative imaging revealed an elevation of the left side of the diaphragm, which was diagnosed as diaphragmatic eventration. Laparoscopic surgery is beneficial for obtaining an optimal field of view. However, there are critical points that must be considered when laparoscopic distal gastrectomy is performed in patients with gastric cancer complicated by diaphragmatic eventration. There were difficulties that affected manipulation because the elevated diaphragm drew the intraperitoneal organs into the thoracic cavity, causing displacement of the normal anatomical position. We found it beneficial to secure the lesser curvature of the stomach given the possible effects of gastric deformation.     

创伤性膈肌破裂术前诊断及手术入路探讨

目的 探讨创伤性膈肌破裂术前诊断及手术入路,以期提高患者的术后生活质量.方法 回顾性分析1990年1月至2009年3月收治的63例创伤性膈肌破裂患者的临床资料.所有患者均经手术证实为膈肌破裂,均有不同程度的血胸和/或血气胸.急性腹膜炎49例,失血性休克41例.术前诊断明确37例,术中探查发现22例,4例经保守治疗无效后行手术治疗.单纯经胸入路24例,单纯经腹入路14例,胸腹联合入路8例,经胸经腹分别入路17例.结果 57例痊愈,死亡6例,其中2例死于失血性休克,1例死于心包填塞,1例死于术后呼吸衰竭,2例于术后1周死于肾衰竭.结论 术前诊断的准确及时和正确的手术入路选择是争取抢救时间、抢救成功与否、避免并发症的关键.     

Induced negative pressure proposed as a new method for diagnosing hepatic hydrothorax involving minor leaks

Hepatic hydrothorax is known as pleural effusion of hepatic origin, and is difficult to diagnose. We herein report the novel strategy combining radioisotope scintigraphy with chest drainage to definitively diagnose hepatic hydrothorax of an 85‐year‐old patient which would have been missed with conventional diagnostic methods.