版纳池蝇雌性的重新描述（双翅目：蝇科）

本文描述了海南省的一个新纪录种，即版纳池蝇Limnophora bannaensis Zhang，Xue et Wang，1998，补充了雌性外部形态的描述，对雌性生殖器结构进行了详细描述，并绘制了生殖器特征图。根据捕获的交尾标本的生殖器特点提出了交配抱握扣（Copulation hook）的形态学名词概念。     

The effects of sexual experience and estrus on male-seeking motivated behavior in the female rat

Ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were trained to traverse a straight alley and return to a goal box where they had previously encountered a male rat, a female rat or an empty goal box. The time required to run the alley was used as an index of the subjects' motivation to re-engage the goal box target. Subjects were tested in both estrus and non-estrus, first sexually naïve and then again after sexual experience. Female rats ran most quickly for a male target, most slowly for an empty goal box, and at intermediate speeds for a female target. Sexual experience tended to slow run times for all but male targets. Estrus enhanced approach behavior for males and an empty goal box, but tended to slow the approach toward females, both before and after sexual experience. This latter finding was further investigated in a second experiment in which sexually naïve OVX females were tested during estrus and non-estrus in a locomotor activity apparatus, a runway with an empty goal box, and an open field. Estrus produced no changes in spontaneous locomotion either in the activity box or the open field, but decreased run times in the alley and increased the number of center-square entries in the open-field. Thus, estrus produces increases in sexual motivation that selectively enhance exploratory, presumably male-seeking behavior, but not simple spontaneous locomotion.     

5-hydroxytryptamine depletion with para-chlorophenylalanine: effects on eating, drinking, irritability, muricide, and copulation.

Forty-four male rats were tested for eating, drinking, irritability, and copulation before and after intraperitonial para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or control injections. Eleven of these rats were tested for muricide before and after PCPA injections (Group 1), while 18 others were tested only after PCPA injections (Groups 2). Group 1 rats received four 350 mg/kg PCPA injections spaced 6 days apart and showed hyperdipsia, weight loss, and a 24% increase in muricide. Group 2 rats received five daily 100 mg/kg PCPA injections repeated 11 days later and showed hyperdipsia and weight loss; in addition, 78% of them killed mice. Neither group showed significant changes in copulation. At the end of the experiment, t6 rats from Group 2 that were irritable and killed mice were injected intraperitonially with 5-hydroxytryptophan (80 mg/kg). Five of these rats lost their irritability and four stopped killing. The various behavioral changes were not corrleated significantly either with each other or with the degree of 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion. This tentatively suggests that PCPA may produce its effects on behavior by other means in addition to 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion.     

Sexual reflexes in male rats: restoration by ejaculation following suppression by penile sheath removal

Following removal of the penile sheath, adult male rats were able to copulate with receptive females. For the males that ejaculated, the number of mounts with and without intromission increased, but other pre-ejaculatory parameters of copulation were unchanged, suggesting that ejaculatory excitation is an additive function of penile contact with the vagina and with the penile sheath. Intact males held in the supine position with the penile sheath retracted displayed penile reflexes. Supine males lacking the penile sheath displayed no penile reflexes prior to copulation, but immediately after ejaculation there was a partial restoration of reflexes. Hence, the pressure of the penile sheath at the base of the penis is normally necessary for the evocation of reflexes in supine males. Following ejaculation, during a presumed condition of reduced supraspinal inhibition, the reflexes may be displayed without sheath stimulation. The penile sheath of the rat apparently contributes to copulatory behavior and to penile reflexes, but in rather different ways.     

Acceleration and pacing of copulatory performance of male rats by repeated aversive brain stimulation.

Repetitive electric shocks applied to the dorsal midbrain (DM) paced the copulatory behavior of sexually experienced male rats. DM stimulation also accelerated the rate of copulation, the achievement of ejaculation and the resumption of copulation after ejaculation and increased the number of ejaculations in an hour test.     

温湿度变化与两种芫菁繁殖的关系

在实验条件下研究了两种药用芫菁繁殖与温湿度变化的关系,表明:交配的最适温度为22～28℃,湿度为60～90％,而大斑芫菁随着气温上升,相对湿度下降,交配活动逐渐减弱,眼斑芫菁则随着气温下降,相对湿度上升,交配活动逐渐减弱;产卵最适温湿度,大斑芫菁为26～28℃及60～68％,眼斑芫菁为23～26℃及72～78％;大斑芫菁最适孵化的温湿度为26～28℃及70～75％,而眼斑芫菁的卵要经过高低温度的变化,有效积温达到1680.85日·度时才能孵化。     

Precipitated withdrawal counters the adverse effects of subchronic cannabinoid administration on male rat sexual behavior

In the present study, sexual behavior of male rats was assessed following prolonged treatment with the CB₁ receptor agonist, HU-210 (0.1 mg/mg/day for 10 days) under conditions of drug maintenance, spontaneous withdrawal and precipitated withdrawal (induced via administration of the CB₁ receptor antagonist AM251; 1 mg/kg). Following subchronic cannabinoid treatment, sexual activity in male rats was impaired under both the drug maintenance and spontaneous withdrawal conditions, as revealed by a reduction in frequency of both intromissions and ejaculations. Notably, the induction of precipitated drug withdrawal reversed the negative effects of subchronic HU-210 treatment on sexual activity as seen by a reversal of the suppression of ejaculations. These data illustrate that, contrary to expectations, the impairments in male sexual activity following protracted cannabinoid administration are not due to drug withdrawal, per se, but are likely mediated by neuroadaptive changes provoked by repeated drug exposure.     

Effect of environmental lighting on sexual behavior and testosterone levels of female rats

The effects of exposure to two different lighting regimes, constant light (LL) and cyclic light (LD) on the sexual performance and serum testosterone concentrations of intact, virgin, female rats was investigated. During copulatory pairing there were significant changes in the sexual performance of both LL and LD rats. Sexual receptivity in the LL females increased as a result of copulatory stimulation, whereas the sexual performance of LD females declined. Throughout copulatory testing the level of sexual receptivity displayed by the LL females was significantly less than that of the LD females. Testosterone levels in acyclic virgin LL rats were significantly lower than the levels in cycling, virgin, LD rats. The implications of these findings were discussed.     

Stimulation of male and female sexual behavior in gonadectomized rats with estrogen and androgen therapy and its inhibition with concurrent anti-hormone therapy.

In the first experiment gonadectomized male rats were injected daily with various combinations of vehicle (V), estradiol benzoate (E), dihydrotestosterone (D) and/or the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate (CA). The eight treatment combinations consisted of V, E, D, CA, E + D, E + CA, D + CA and E + D + CA. Only those males treated with both E and D were found to display ejaculations. Concurrent treatment with CA completely blocked ejaculatory behavior and it significantly reduced both mount and intromission frequencies. Examination of peripheral androgen target tissues indicated that following stimulation with D, CA effectively reduced seminal vesicle and penile weights, and penile lengths, but it did not reduce penile spines. In the second experiment gonadectomized female rats were treated with two daily injections of E, E + CA or E + the anti-estrogen CI-628. A second set of gonadectomized females received three daily injections of testosterone (T), T + CA or T + CI-628. On the day after completion of these injections all females received progesterone and were tested for sexual receptivity three hours later. Both E and T treated females were found to display the lordotic posture in response to mounting stimulation while both CI-628 and CA were found to block this behavior. In E treated females, CI-628 and CA were also found to reduce uterine weight. Thus, CA was shown to have anti-estrogenic as well as anti-androgenic properties. These results were discussed in terms of the aromatization and 5alpha reduction theories of testosterone action in sexual behavior.