Novel Approaches to Improve the Intrinsic Microbiological Safety of Powdered Infant Milk Formula

Human milk is recognised as the best form of nutrition for infants. However; in instances where breast-feeding is not possible, unsuitable or inadequate, infant milk formulae are used as breast milk substitutes. These formulae are designed to provide infants with optimum nutrition for normal growth and development and are available in either powdered or liquid forms. Powdered infant formula is widely used for convenience and economic reasons. However; current manufacturing processes are not capable of producing a sterile powdered infant formula. Due to their immature immune systems and permeable gastro-intestinal tracts, infants can be more susceptible to infection via foodborne pathogenic bacteria than other age-groups. Consumption of powdered infant formula contaminated by pathogenic microbes can be a cause of serious illness. In this review paper, we discuss the current manufacturing practices present in the infant formula industry, the pathogens of greatest concern, Cronobacter and Salmonella and methods of improving the intrinsic safety of powdered infant formula via the addition of antimicrobials such as: bioactive peptides; organic acids; probiotics and prebiotics.     

Coping with Sleep Disturbances Among Young Adults: A Survey of First-Year College Students in Taiwan

Abstract

Sleep problems are highly prevalent among young adults and affect different aspects of their quality of life. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the young adults' coping strategies for these sleep disturbances and the effectiveness of the coping strategies upon sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. The subjects included 1,922 first-year college students, 44% of whom reported experiencing sleep problems, with insufficient sleep being the most common complaint (23.9%). Taking naps and adjusting sleep schedules were the coping strategies associated with better sleep quality. On the other hand, subjects who reported attempting a sleep-promoting activity, ignoring their sleep problems altogether, or trying unsuccessfully to find a way of coping with their sleep problems reported a poorer sleep quality. Although some coping strategies were associated with better sleep quality than others, the levels of daytime sleepiness were equally impaired in all coping groups to a degree that is equivalent to the sleepiness in patients with a moderate sleep-related breathing disorder.     

Posttraumatic stress or posttraumatic growth? Using network analysis to explore the relationships between coping styles and trauma outcomes

Trauma can produce posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but may also foster positive outcomes, such as posttraumatic growth. Individual differences in coping styles may contribute to both positive and negative sequelae of trauma. Using network analytic methods, we investigated the structure of PTSD symptoms, elements of growth, and coping styles in bereaved survivors of a major earthquake in China. Hypervigilance and difficulty concentrating were identified as the most central symptoms in the PTSD network, whereas establishing a new path in life, feeling closer to others, and doing better things with life ranked highest on centrality in the posttraumatic growth network. Direct connections between PTSD symptoms and elements of growth were low in magnitude in our sample. Our final network, which included PTSD symptoms, growth elements, and coping styles, suggests that adaptive and active coping styles, such as positive reframing, are positively related to elements of growth, but not appreciably negatively related to PTSD symptoms. Conversely, maladaptive coping styles are positively related to PTSD symptoms, but are not negatively associated with growth. Future longitudinal studies could shed light on the direction of causality in these relationships and their clinical utility.     

Covid-19 and changes in sleep health in the Blackfeet Community

We examined changes in psychological outcomes related to the COVID-19 pandemic (ie psychological stress, perceived control, and perceived ability to cope) and changes in sleep health in the American Indian Blackfeet community over 4 months (August 24, 2020–November 30, 2020). American Indian adults residing on the Blackfeet reservation (n = 167) completed measures of perceived control over contracting COVID-19, perceived ability to cope with pandemic stressors, psychological stress linked to the pandemic, and a measure of sleep health each month. Linear-effects mixed models were used to examine changes in our outcomes. Community members who reported more control over contracting the virus had better sleep health relative to those who reported less control (B = 0.72, SE = 0.29, p = 0.015). Further, during months when individuals felt they had more control over contracting the virus compared to their average perceived control levels, they had better sleep health relative to their own average (B = 1.06, SE = 0.13, p < 0.001). Average sleep health was the lowest in October, 2020, the month during which COVID-19 incidence was at its highest on the reservation. Declines in sleep health linked to low levels of control over contracting COVID-19 may exacerbate high incidence of chronic mental and physical health conditions in tribal communities. Interventions which highlight strategies known to reduce risk of contracting the virus, may increase perceived control and sleep health, and thus may improve downstream health outcomes for this at-risk population.     

农村丧亲个体应对策略的定性研究:以江西省上饶县某农村为例

目的:初步研究中国农村丧亲个体的哀伤应对策略.方法:选取9名江西东北部某农村丧亲个体进行深入访谈,将访谈资料逐字转录,使用Nvivo 7.0管理资料,采用主题分析法对资料进行分析.结果:丧亲后的个体会经历强烈的哀伤,他们采用的应对策略包括葬礼仪式、处理遗物、归因、背鬼、压抑、回避、投身事物、社会交往、葬礼后仪式和保持联结.这些应对策略又可以归入到丽个更高级别——丧失指向的应对和恢复指向的应对——的分类中.每个丧亲者均会使用不同形式的丧失指向的应对和恢复指向的应对,随着时间的变化,丧失指向的应对变少,恢复指向的应对增多.丧亲者在两种应对之间有良好的摆动.结论:农村个体的哀伤应对策略有其独特性,对哀伤平复有良好的作用.仪式对哀伤平复有非常重要的作用.     

护理本科新生考试焦虑与应对方式

目的 了解护理本科新生考试焦虑及应对方式情况,探讨其考试焦虑与应对方式的关系.方法 采用中文版Sarason 考试焦虑量表、简易应对方式量表对某医学院校383名护理本科新生进行调查.结果 护理本科新生考试焦虑得分为(16.25±6.33),考试焦虑检出率为56.84％,有高度考试焦虑者25.26％.有考试焦虑者消极应对得分高于无考试焦虑者(t=-3.26,P＜0.01),积极应对得分低于无考试焦虑者(t=3.12,P＜0.01),同时考试焦虑与积极应对存在负相关(r=-0.20,P＜0.01),与消极应对存在正相关(r=0.31,P＜0.01).结论 护理本科新生存在着较明显的考试焦虑,有考试焦虑者多倾向于采取消极应对方式,而无考试焦虑者多采取积极应对方式,考试焦虑与应对方式存在相关性.     

颅脑手术患者家属疾病不确定感与应对方式的调查分析

目的分析颅脑手术患者家属的疾病不确定感和应对方式水平,分析两者之间的关系。方法采用一般资料调查表、Mishel疾病不确定感家属量表和简易应对方式问卷对便利抽取的200名家属进行调查。结果家属疾病不确定感总分为(96.72±10.36)分,计算条目平均分后发现,得分最高的是"不明确性",其次是"不可预测性"、"信息缺乏"和"复杂性"。家属的应对方式、积极应对分量表和消极应对分量表的条目平均分分别为(1.62±0.48)分、(1.86±0.82)分、(1.25±0.51)分。疾病不确定感总分及各维度得分均与积极应对呈负相关,复杂性维度和信息缺乏维度与消极应对呈正相关。结论颅脑手术患者家属的疾病不确定感水平较高,应对方式水平有待进一步提高,积极的应对方式可以降低其疾病不确定感。     

The effects of coping style,social support,and behavioral problems on the well-being of mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Lebanon

The present study examined the effects of coping styles, social support, and child's behavioral symptoms on the well-being of 65 mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Lebanon. Comparisons to the well-being of 98 mothers of typically developing children were also drawn. Regression analyses showed that disengagement and distraction coping predicted poor well-being, whereas cognitive reframing showed a correlation with better well-being levels. A significant correlation was found between child's behavioral problems and maternal well-being. T-test analyses revealed that mothers of children with ASD differed in terms of coping styles used. Additionally, mothers of children with ASD showed lower levels of perceived social support. Well-being was significantly better for mothers of typically developing children. Study limitations and implications are discussed.     

安徽省护理专科学生应对方式与焦虑的相关性分析

目的：了解护理专科学生的应对方式与焦虑的相关性。方法采用整群抽样方法,对820名护理专科学生进行简易应对方式问卷和Zung焦虑自评量表的测评。结果学生焦虑平均得分为(47．98±9．95)分,其中焦虑得分≥50分的调查对象所占的比例为34．4%。不同民族学生的积极应对方式与消极应对方式差异有统计学意义( P<0．05);焦虑得分与积极应对方式呈负相关(r=-0．153,P<0．01),且与消极应对方式呈正相关(r=0．232,P<0．01)。结论护理专科学生的焦虑状况与应对方式密切相关,对大学生开展针对性的应对方式训练,能改善大学生焦虑的现象。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间医护人员心理健康与应对方式相关性研究

目的 调查新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)流行期间六安市区三家三级医院医护人员心理健康的现状,分析医护人员心理健康水平与应对方式的关系。方法 于2020年2月7日～2月15日,使用问卷星形式,采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表及简易应对方式问卷调查COVID-19流行期间六安市区三家三级医院360名医护人员心理状况,分析医护人员焦虑、抑郁水平及其与应对水平的相关性。结果 COVID-19流行期间六安市区三家三级医院医护人员焦虑粗分(32.82±7.80)分,抑郁粗分(37.90±8.30)分,均高于中国常模,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。焦虑阳性者(总粗分≥40分)68例(18.9%),抑郁阳性者(总粗分≥41 分)138例(38.4%);医护人员应对方式总分9～60分,平均为(36.61±8.55)分。积极应对6～36分,平均为(24.49±6.14)分。消极应对1～24分,平均为(12.12±4.19)分;偏相关分析显示,医护人员焦虑得分与积极应对呈负相关(r=-0.315,P<0.05),与消极应对呈正相关(r=0.147,P<0.05)。抑郁得分与积极应对呈负相关(r=-0.374,P<0.05),与消极应对呈正相关(r=0.207,P<0.05)。结论 COVID-19流行期间医护人员存在不同程度的焦虑和抑郁,疫情期间医护人员的心理健康与积极应对方式呈正相关,与消极应对方式呈负相关。