海洛因依赖强制戒毒者生活质量及其影响因素

目的探讨强制戒毒者生活质量状况及其影响因素。方法采用药物成瘾者生命质量测定量表(QOLDA)、医学应对问卷、状态与特质性孤独量表、社会支持评定量表对77例海洛因依赖者进行评定。结果1.多次戒毒组的QOLDA总分低于首次戒毒组(分别为127. 47±21. 10、140. 17±20. 37, P=0. 01),在QOLDA的心理功能(PS)、戒断症状及毒副作用(ST)等项目评分上两组之间差异也有显著性(P<0. 05); 2.注射或混用组的QOLDA总分低于非注射组(分别为124. 27±22. 10、142. 21±17. 98, P=0. 00),在QOLDA的心理功能(PS)、戒断症状及毒副作用(ST)等项目评分上两组之间差异非常显著(P<0. 01)。3 屈服应对策略、特质孤独及状态孤独等因素与强制戒毒者的QOLDA总分呈负相关(P<0. 05)。结论强制戒毒者的生活质量与吸毒次数、方式、屈服应对策略、孤独等因素相关,在强制戒毒期间需加强心理干预。     

山西省农村老年人生活质量调查分析

目的了解山西省农村老人生活质量,为相关改善措施的实施提供依据.方法用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取山西省太谷县阳邑乡六个村60岁以上的常住老年人共302名,采用统一的调查问卷进行现场调查,用SPSS11.5统计软件进行分析处理.结果低龄老人(70岁以下)在睡眠、食欲、健康状况,慢性病患病率、医疗满意、孤独感、生活满意、健康满意等方面评价均明显高于高龄老人(70岁以上).结论应重点关注"过渡期"老年人的生活质量,从物质保证、精神赡养、医疗保健等多方面入手,采取综合措施提高农村老人的生活质量.     

不同类型学校高中生应付方式的比较研究

目的探讨重点高中、普通高中、职业高中三类学校高中生应付方式差异。方法采用应付方式问卷对唐山市重点、普通、职业三类学校高中生进行调查分析。结果三类学校高中生第一心理应付方式均为解决问题,三类学校高中生的解决问题分值分别为(7.81±2.64)分、(7.88±2.52)分、(8.12±2.21)分(P>0.05)。在其余应付因子均分上,重点学校高中生均显著低于普通、职业学校高中生。普通学校高中生有较高的幻想得分[(5.76±2.04)分],职业学校高中生有较高的求助得分[(5.87±2.20)分],其他因子差异无显著性。结论重点学校高中生多采取积极的应付方式,普通高中学生、职业高中学生较多地采取退避、自责、幻想等消极方式。     

Denial in physical illness

Denial is a concept often encountered in literature describing patients' psychological responses to physical illness. Definitions and theories of denial have drawn on clinical, cognitive, psychodynamic, organic, and interpersonal frameworks. Denial is related to other concepts such as lack of insight, self-deception, and anosognosia. Empirical studies have yielded mixed results with regard to the adaptive properties of denial. These results require interpretation in the light of: (1) the definitional complexities of denial; (2) the diversity of methods used for its assessment; and (3) the choice of different clinical samples and heterogeneous outcome measures. The clinical management of maladaptive denial poses a challenging problem which requires consideration of factors pertaining to the patient, the illness, the treating clinician, as well as the patient's social environment. To achieve further clarification of the role of denial in physical illness, future research would benefit from clearer definitions and more refined, consistent methods of assessment. A number of recommendations are outlined.     

Ways of coping with asthma in everyday life: Validation of the Asthma Specific Coping Scale

Objective: This study examines the validity of the Asthma Specific Coping Scale. Methods: Study samples were comprised of persons with drug-treated asthma (n=3464) drawn from the Drug Reimbursement Registry and asthma rehabilitation participants [brief (n=278) and comprehensive (n=316) intervention]. Data were collected by questionnaires. Results: The expected structure of the six subscales (restricted lifestyle, hiding asthma, positive reappraisal, information seeking, ignoring asthma, and asthma worry) was supported. The Cronbach's reliabilities of the subscales ranged from .63 to .84. Concurrent validity was supported by meaningful correlations between asthma coping scales and psychosocial resources, health-related quality of life, and general coping. The asthma coping scales discriminated between the intervention participants and the population-based sample. Four out of six subscales also showed sensitivity to change after rehabilitation. Conclusion: Though further longitudinal studies are needed, this scale seems to be a promising instrument to be used in surveys and outcome studies.     

The influence of early speech rehabilitation with voice prostheses on the psychological state of laryngectomized patients

This survey assessed how early speech rehabilitation influences the emotional state and psychological adjustment of 43 male laryngectomy patients, at three different chronological stages. The first assessment occurred 2–3 days before the operation. The patients filled out a stress questionnaire (SVF) which assessed coping strategies. Exactly 2 weeks after the operation the patients were given a list of adjectives (EWL) which measured their actual emotional state. One day before leaving the hospital the patients were given the Post-laryngectomy Telephone Test (PLTT) which ascertained the quality of speech intelligibility. In addition, patients filled out a questionnaire on postoperative stress and anticipated stigmatisation with regard to their changed voice. Results demonstrated that patients who had early speech rehabilitation felt significantly more active and, in general, felt considerably better than patients who had not received speech rehabilitation training. Patients assessed voice loss as extremely distressing. The postoperative stress and the anticipated stigmatisation on the basis of the changed voice was significantly higher in those patients with good speech intelligibility than in patients with poor speech articulation at hospital discharge. The coping strategies “Giving up and resignation” and “Need for social support” correlated positively with postoperative stress and anticipated stigmatisation. Results show that early speech rehabilitation with voice prostheses had a positive effect on the emotional state of laryngectomy patients. However, the early speech rehabilitation leads to distress in the initial phase in laryngectomy patients. Moreover, patients who habitually tend towards resignation, or need lots of social support should receive psychological support during the early phase of speech rehabilitation training. Received: 27 April 2001 / Accepted: 5 July 2001     

应激和应对方式与非溃疡性消化不良

目的探讨心理应激因素与非溃疡性消化不良的关系。方法测定并分析100例非溃疡性消化不良病人（NUD组）及100例健康人（对照组）的生活事件单位（LCU）、积极应对方式（PC）、消极应对方式（NC）和艾森克人格问卷四项量分（EPQ—P、EPQ—E、EPQ—N、EPQ—L）。结果NUD组的LCU、NC、EPQ—N量分明显高于健康组（P＜0.01）;多元逐步回归分析结合各因素间的相关分析显示，消极应对在应激作用过程中起关键的作用。结论高生活事件单位通过消极应对方式的中介可能诱发NUD，并受个性特征的影响。     

高职生应付方式和自我和谐与抑郁的关系研究

目的 探讨高职生应付方式、自我和谐与抑郁的关系,以及应付方式、自我和谐对高职生抑郁的影响,为提高其心理健康水平寻求切实可行的角度. 方法 以应付方式问卷、自我和谐量表和抑郁自评量表对广东省某高等职业院校学生295人进行团体施测,采用SPSS10.0统计软件对施测结果进行多元方差分析和回归分析.结果 ①应付方式:大二学生在应付方式中的幻想、退避和合理化因子得分较大一学生高;大专生较五专生在解决问题因子得分高;②自我和谐:五年制外语专业大二学生自我与经验的不和谐因子得分最高,而三年制艺术专业大一学生自我与经验的不和谐因子得分最低;外语专业学生较艺术专业学生在自我的灵活性因子得分高;③抑郁:样本中大约59%的被试存在不同程度的抑郁表现,其中中度以上抑郁者占总人数的27%;回归分析表明,自我的灵活性、自我与经验的不和谐、自责和求助因子,能解释抑郁总方差的41.8%.结论 预防和缓解高职生的抑郁情绪,切实维护高职生心理健康刻不容缓;心理健康工作者可以从不同年级、专业和学制高职生的特点出发,有针对性地对高职生进行心理干预.     

吸毒者自尊水平、应对方式与吸毒行为的相关研究

目的探讨吸毒者的自尊、应对方式与吸毒行为之间的关系。方法以自编背景资料问卷、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和自尊量表(SES)为测量工具,对340名强制戒毒人员进行了实际调查。结果①吸毒次数与性别、自尊水平有显著性相关,吸毒时间与性别、年龄、应对方式、自尊水平有显著性相关;②吸毒时间对吸毒者自尊水平有显著性影响,吸毒时间越长,自尊水平越低,戒断毒瘾的可能性越小;③吸毒者的自尊水平评分与健康人群相比明显偏低,而且两者之间差异显著。     

大学生应对方式与自我复原的关联

目的：了解大学生对挫折的应对方式特点以及与自我复原的关联。方法：采用大学生应对方式问卷（CP）与自我复原量表（ER89）对319名1—4年级大学生进行测查。结果：大学生对挫折的应对方式依次主要为问题解决、转移、忍耐、求助．压抑、逃避、幻想、抱怨和退缩。传统家庭大学生比核心家庭大学生更多使用问题解决应对而较少采用逃避应对。男生比女生更多采用问题解决和压抑应对而较少采用抱怨和逃避应对。四年级学生比其他年级学生更多使用逃避和压抑应对。自我复原均分与问题解决、求助、忍耐呈显著正相关，与逃避、退缩、压抑呈显著负相关，与幻想呈轻度负相关。结论：家庭生活环境及性别对于应对方式有一定影响，积极应对方式有助于自我复原。