Different types of thinking of seven‐year‐old children and their achievements in school

The theoretical basis of the research was the conception of human intelligence of Sternberg. The aims of the study were: ? to determine the level of analytical thinking, creative thinking and practical thinking of seven‐year‐old children;

? to determine the relations between the level of analytical, practical and creative thinking and pupil's success in school;

? to determine the association between the level of different kinds of thinking and their success as students; and

? to explore the impact of teacher's perception of level of children's thinking on their achievements in school.

The research was carried out on a group of 167 seven‐year‐old children selected at random from urban schools and their teachers. This paper discusses how learning programmes foster and promote the development of different forms of thinking.     

Toward a Model for Counseling the Wives of Alcoholics

Earlier literature on the wives of alcoholics confused the causes with the effects of alcoholism. Wives of alcoholics were thought to be highly neurotic contributors to their husbands' illness. Furthermore, sexist biases influenced opinion and research with the result that while wives were blamed for their spouses' illness, husbands of alcoholic wives were considered blameless victims. Despite recent gains in the understanding of alcoholism and its effects on family dynamics, treatment of alcoholic marriages continues to reflect subtle sexist attitudes and values. For example, wives are often viewed as little more than adjuncts to their husbands' treatment. Such approaches undermine reality-centered and effective treatment. A model for counseling wives of alcoholics is proposed which addresses her special and separate concerns.     

护理教学中影响护生评判性思维能力因素分析及对策探讨

目的 探讨护理教学中影响护生评判性思维能力的因素及对策效果分析.方法 以我校在读的2009级全日制护理学专业的398名护生为研究对象,采用单因素Logistic回归分析、多因素Logistic回归分析方法,通过课堂气氛、实习等影响护理教学中护士评判性思维能力培养的最重要因素,展开针对性教学,探寻效果.结果 采用CTDI-CV进行评定,与培养实施前相比较,实施1年后评判性思维能力总分及各项指标均升高明显,差异具有,显著意义(P＜0.05).结论 通过有针对性的活跃课堂气氛,增加实习等实践机会,可有效提高护生的评判性思维能力.     

中医各家学说CBT教学法在培养学生中医思维方式中的运用

从有助于了解中医各主要医学流派的学术特色及中医各主要学说,理解和掌握名医学术思想和中医学理论,了解名家临床经验等方面,探索中医各家学说CBT教学法对培养中医专业学生中医思维方式的作用,并提出CBT教学法对医案的选择要点.     

中医医案方剂多维相似度算法设计与探索＊

中医医案方剂具有多维度的特性，单独采用一种相似度算法难以展现方剂数据在各维度的相似情况，具有一定的局限性。本研究基于中医医案方剂的多维数据特点，结合中医临床遣方用药的思维过程，设计了中医医案方剂的多维相似度算法，并以七则国医大师医案为示例，详细展示了该算法的计算过程，同时将多维相似度算法计算结果与传统算法计算结果进行了对比分析。通过对比可以看出本算法能够相对全面地反映不同方剂间的相似度，且结果更为合理也更贴合中医临床实际。     

Expectancy-Induced Placebo Analgesia in Children and the Role of Magical Thinking

Expectations and beliefs shape the experience of pain. This is most evident in context-induced, placebo analgesia, which has recently been shown to interact with the trait of magical thinking (MT) in adults. In children, placebo analgesia and the possible roles that MT and gender might play as modulators of placebo analgesia have remained unexplored. Using a paradigm in which heat pain stimuli were applied to both forearms, we investigated whether MT and gender can influence the magnitude of placebo analgesia in children. Participants were 49 right-handed children (aged 6–9 years) who were randomly assigned—stratified for MT and gender—to either an analgesia-expectation or a control-expectation condition. For both conditions, the placebo was a blue-colored hand disinfectant that was applied to the children's forearms. Independent of MT, the placebo treatment significantly increased both heat pain threshold and tolerance. The threshold placebo effect was more pronounced for girls than boys. In addition, independent of the expectation treatment, low-MT boys showed a lower tolerance increase on the left compared to the right side. Finally, MT specifically modulated tolerance on the right forearm side: Low-MT boys showed an increase, whereas high-MT boys showed a decrease in heat pain tolerance. This study documented a substantial expectation-induced placebo analgesia response in children (girls > boys) and demonstrated MT and gender-dependent laterality effects in pain perception. The findings may help improve individualized pain management for children.PerspectiveThe study documents the first experimental evidence for a substantial expectancy-induced placebo analgesia response in healthy children aged 6 to 9 years (girls > boys). Moreover, the effect was substantially higher than the placebo response typically found in adults. The findings may help improve individualized pain management for children.