90岁及以上老年原发性高血压患者共病情况及与常见老年事件的相关性

目的调查90岁及以上老年原发性高血压患者共病情况,并对其与常见老年事件的相关性进行分析。方法采用横断面调查方法,入选2017年1~12月于辽宁省金秋医院(辽宁省老年病医院)住院治疗的年龄≥90岁的老年共病患者419例。根据是否患有高血压分为高血压组和对照组,比较两组一般资料差异。收集患者的共病种类,统计数量并采用Charlson共存病指数(CCI)对共病严重程度进行评价。采用Spearman相关分析计算入院时血压水平与CCI的相关性,应用多元线性回归分析CCI与心房颤动、脆性骨折、肺炎、尿路感染、植入起搏器状态、管饲、导尿、催眠药物使用及通便药物使用等老年事件的相关性。结果入选患者总体CCI评分为(4.0±2.2)分,校正年龄后评分为(8.0±2.2)分,总体共病数为(7.7±2.6)种。高血压组患者289例,占全部患者69.0%,其中男性202例,女性87例。高血压组与对照组比较:CCI评分为(4.6±2.1)分比(2.8±1.9)分,t=8.261,P=0.000;共病数量(8.3±2.5)种比(6.3±2.4)种,t=7.568,P=0.000;收缩压(133.81±13.31)mmHg比(124.91±11.61)mmHg,t=6.922,P=0.000;舒张压(72.24±7.56)mmHg比(69.68±7.25)mmHg,t=3.304,P=0.001。采用Spearman相关分析提示,CCI与血压水平存在相关性(r=0.101,P=0.039)。多元线性回归分析提示,CCI与脆性骨折、肺炎、尿路感染、管饲、催眠药使用及通便药使用独立相关(均为P<0.05)。结论90岁及以上老年原发性高血压患者在共病数量及程度上较无高血压者更明显,CCI与血压水平存在相关性,老年共病伴有更多的脆性骨折、肺炎、尿路感染、管饲、催眠药使用及通便药使用。     

2019年欧洲心力衰竭协会/欧洲心脏病学会《射血分数保留的心力衰竭的诊断》解读

目前射血分数保留的心力衰竭（HFpEF）占心力衰竭患者50%以上,并且缺乏有效改善预后的药物疗法。2019年欧洲心力衰竭协会（HFA）和欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）制定了新的专家共识--4步HFA-PEFF诊断算法,包括第一步“初始评估”,第二步“基于超声心动图和脑钠肽”,第三步“功能评估”,第四步“病因诊断”。本文在对4步诊断法详细介绍的同时,也对HFpEF的合并症以及心力衰竭的社区管理进行论述。     

肺结核并发糖尿病患者临床特征及淋巴细胞亚群检测结果分析

目的 探讨肺结核并发糖尿病(pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with diabetes mellitus, PTB-DM)患者临床特征及淋巴细胞亚群特点。方法 回顾性收集2018年4月1日至2019年5月31日在解放军总医院第八医学中心结核二科住院的符合纳入标准的肺结核患者。根据是否并发糖尿病将其分为两组:PTB-DM组85例,单纯肺结核组(PTB组)96例。对两组患者临床特征包括性别、年龄、治疗史和胸部CT检查结果进行比较分析;对两组患者淋巴细胞亚群和结核分枝杆菌特异性反应T细胞检测结果分别进行比较分析。结果 PTB-DM组男性和女性分别占76.4%(65/85)和23.6%(20/85),PTB组分别占57.3%(55/96)和42.7%(41/96),差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.42,P=0.006)。PTB-DM组<25岁、25~60岁和>60岁的患者分别占2.4%(2/85)、68.2%(58/85)和29.4%(25/85); PTB组则分别占25.0%(24/96)、63.5%(61/96)和11.5%(11/96),差异有统计学意义(χ²=23.55,P=0.000)。PTB-DM组初治和复治患者分别占74.1%(63/85)和25.9%(22/85),PTB组分别占84.4%(81/96)和15.6%(15/96),差异无统计学意义(χ²=2.92,P=0.088)。PTB-DM组胸部CT扫描显示无空洞、有空洞、病变范围<3个肺叶和≥3个肺叶者分别占23.5%(20/85)、76.5%(65/85)、31.8%(27/85)和68.2%(58/85);PTB组分别为53.1%(51/96)、46.9%(45/96)、54.2%(52/96)和45.8%(44/96);PTB-DM组胸部CT有空洞和病变范围≥3个肺叶的患者明显多于PTB组,差异有统计学意义(χ²=16.56,P=0.000和χ²=9.20,P=0.002)。PTB-DM组结核分枝杆菌特异性反应T细胞阳性率为81.3%(65/80),PTB组阳性率为74.2%(66/89),差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.22,P=0.270)。PTB-DM组总T淋巴细胞绝对计数、CD4⁺T淋巴细胞绝对计数、CD8⁺T淋巴细胞绝对计数、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)绝对计数、NK样T淋巴细胞绝对计数和总B淋巴细胞绝对计数的中位数(四分位数)值分别为1069.00(753.50,2372.50)、548.00(381.00,787.50)、380.00(270.50,574.50)、184.00(111.00,294.50)、60.00(36.00,120.50)和162.00(80.50,244.00)个/μl,PTB组则分别为1161.50(858.50,1601.00)、628.00(472.75,860.50)、457.50(286.00,614.75)、191.50(115.75,315.75)、65.50(34.50,119.50)和184.50(112.25,301.00)个/μl,两组间6项指标差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.80,P=0.073;Z=-1.47,P=0.142;Z=-1.46,P=0.144;Z=-0.57,P=0.568;Z=-0.09,P=0.931;Z=-1.93,P=0.053)。结论 PTB-DM中老年男性较多,病灶范围广泛、严重; PTB是否并发DM对淋巴细胞亚群6项指标检测结果无明显影响。     

Alcohol dependence is related to overall internalizing psychopathology load rather than to particular internalizing disorders: evidence from a national sample

Background: Alcohol dependence is more prevalent among those with any one of several anxiety or depressive (“internalizing”) disorders than among those in the general population. However, because internalizing disorders are highly intercorrelated, it is ambiguous whether alcohol dependence is related to internalizing psychopathology components that are: (i) unique to a particular internalizing disorder (“specific”); versus (ii) shared across a number of internalizing disorders (“general”). To clarify this ambiguity, we employed structural equation and logistic models to decompose the specific versus general components of internalizing psychopathology and then related these components separately to alcohol dependence. Methods: The data were based on face‐to‐face interviews of U.S. community residents collected in the 2001 to 2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; N = 43,093). Results: Both analytic approaches demonstrated that increases in the general internalizing psychopathology load are accompanied by increases in the prevalence of alcohol dependence. Once the general internalizing psychopathology load is accounted for, knowing whether a particular internalizing disorder is present or absent provides little additional information regarding the prevalence of alcohol dependence. Conclusions: The components of internalizing psychopathology that are associated with alcohol dependence are shared and cumulative among common anxiety and depressive disorders. These findings have the potential to influence clinical and scientific conceptualizations of the association between alcohol dependence and internalizing psychopathology.     

Association between inflammatory-related disease burden and frailty: Results from the Women's Health and Aging Studies (WHAS) I and II

Frailty is associated with a pro-inflammatory state, which has been characterized by elevated levels of systemic inflammatory biomarkers, but has not been related to the number of co-existing chronic diseases associated with inflammation. We sought to determine the extent to which a higher number of inflammatory-related diseases is associated with frailty and to identify the most common disease patterns associated with being frail in older adults. We performed binomial regression analyses to assess whether a higher count of inflammatory-related diseases increases the probability of frailty using data from the WHAS I and II, companion cohorts composed of 70-79-year-old community-dwelling older women in Baltimore, Maryland (n = 620). An increase of one inflammatory-related disease was associated log-linearly with frailty (Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 2.28, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.81-2.87). After adjusting for age, race, education, and smoking status, the probability of frailty remained significant (PR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.52-2.55). In the frail population, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and depressive symptoms (Prevalence = 22.9%, 95%CI = 14.2-34.8%); CVD and depressive symptoms (21.7%, 95%CI = 13.2-33.5%); CKD and anemia (18.7%, 95%CI = 11.1-29.7%); cardiovascular disease (CVD), CKD, and pulmonary disease (10.7%, 95%CI = 5.2-21.0%); CKD, anemia, and depressive symptoms (8.7%, 95%CI = 3.9-18.2%); and CVD, anemia, pulmonary disease, and depressive symptoms (5.0%, 95%CI = 1.6-14.4%) were among the most frequent disease combinations. Their prevalence percentages were significantly higher in the frail versus non-frail women. A higher inflammatory-related disease count, perhaps reflecting a greater pro-inflammatory burden, increases the likelihood of frailty. Shared mechanisms among specific disease combinations may further contribute to this risk.     

Comparing the rates of tantrum behavior in children with ASD and ADHD as well as children with comorbid ASD and ADHD diagnoses

The current study investigated the presentation of tantrum behaviors in individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis with and without a comorbid diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants included 347 children ranging in age from 2 to 18 years old. Diagnostic categories in the current study were based upon clinical diagnosis. The severity of ASD symptomology was measured by the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Diagnostic Child Version (ASD-DC). The presence and severity of tantrum behaviors were measured by the Tantrum behavior subscale of the Autism Spectrum Disorders-Comorbidity for Children (ASD-CC). The influence of diagnosis and ASD symptomology had upon the expression of tantrum behaviors were examined, controlling for participant age. Initial analysis revealed significant differences in the expression of tantrum behavior between the ASD, ADHD and ASD/ADHD groups. However, age did not have a significant influence on the exhibition of tantrum behaviors. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that those individuals diagnosed with an ASD and a comorbid ADHD diagnosis exhibited significantly greater tantrum behavior. Post hoc analyses identified a significant positive correlation between increases in ASD symptomology and elevations of the severity of tantrum behaviors for each group. The observed correlation for the ADHD group was found to be significantly greater than the ASD group. Correlations for individual item responses of the ASD-CC were also computed and discussed for each diagnostic group.     

An analysis of the predictors of comorbid psychopathology,gastrointestinal symptoms and epilepsy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

Mannion, Leader, and Healy (2013) examined the frequency of comorbid disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and the predictors of sleep problems. This study will extend this research by investigating the predictors of comorbidity in 89 participants. Age, gender, level of intellectual disability, presence of epilepsy, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and an anxiety disorder were determined using a self-constructed demographic questionnaire. The Autism Spectrum Disorder-Comorbid for Children (ASD-CC) was administered to informants to assess symptoms of comorbid psychopathology. The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and Gastrointestinal symptom inventory were administered to assess sleep problems and gastrointestinal symptoms respectively. Sleep problems predicted gastrointestinal symptoms. Level of intellectual disability predicted gastrointestinal symptoms. Specifically, those with no intellectual disability were more likely to present with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms in turn predicted total comorbid psychopathology score and the individual subscales of worry/depressed, avoidant behavior, conduct behavior and tantrum behavior on the ASD-CC. Gender and ASD-CC total score predicted an individual having an anxiety disorder. Specifically, being male predicted an anxiety disorder. The ASD-CC subscales of worry/depressed and avoidant behavior predicted an anxiety disorder. The implications of these findings are discussed in the study.     

Secular trends in the etiology and comorbidity of hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure: A single-center retrospective study

Objective To assess the secular trends in the etiology and comorbidity of patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure (CHF)．Methods Data of 7319 patients (mean age 59.6 years, 62.1% male) with a primary discharge diagnosis of CHF, hospitalized from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2007, at the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital were extracted and analyzed. These patients were divided into three groups according to hospitalization period: 1993–1997 (n = 1623), 1998–2002 (n = 2444), and 2003–2007 (n = 3252). The etiological characteristics and comorbidities were assessed. Results　Over the study period, the proportion of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) increased from 37.2% during the period 1993–1997 to 46.8% during the period 2003–2007, while that with valvular heart disease (VHD) decreased (from 35.2% during the period 1993–1997 to 16.6% during the period 2003–2007, both P < 0.05); Atrial fibrillation (AF) was the most common comorbidity of heart failure (23.2%, 23.0% and 20.6%, respectively, in the three periods); Compared to that of the period of 1993–1997 with that of, the proportion of patients with myocardial infarction, pneumonia, renal function impairment and hepatic cirrhosis of the period of 2003–2007 increased significantly (P < 0.05) and the proportion of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atrial fibrillation decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study implies that IHD has became a more common etiology of CHF, while VHD has deceased as an etiology of CHF in Chinese patients during the last two decades.     

Pain interference and incident mood,anxiety, and substance-use disorders: Findings from a representative sample of men and women in the general population

To examine gender differences in the longitudinal relationship between past-month pain interference and incident mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders, chi-square tests and binomial logistic regression analyses were performed on data obtained from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions from 34,465 adult respondents (47.9% men; 52.1% women) who completed waves 1 (2000–2001) and 2 (2004–2005) data collection. Models were adjusted for potentially confounding factors (i.e., age, race, marital status, educational level, employment, household income, number of stressful life events, number of general medical conditions, and wave-1 psychopathology). Respondents were categorized at wave 1 according to their past-month level of pain interference (i.e., no or low pain interference, moderate pain interference, severe pain interference). Moderate and severe pain interference (as compared to no or low pain interference) in male and female respondents was associated with the incidence of several psychiatric disorders. A stronger relationship was observed in male respondents as compared to female ones between past-month moderate pain interference and a new onset of any mood disorder (OR = 1.57, p = 0.03) and major depressive disorder (OR = 1.60, p = 0.03), and between past-month severe pain interference and a new onset of alcohol abuse or dependence (OR = 1.69, p = 0.045) and nicotine dependence (OR = 1.48, p = 0.04). These findings suggest that providers should consider screening patients with past-month moderate or severe pain interference for mood, anxiety, and substance-use problems and monitor the possible development of subsequent comorbid psychiatric disorders.     

Differences between older and younger adults with Borderline Personality Disorder on clinical presentation and impairment

Background

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is well-known to be a clinically severe and impairing diagnosis. Research shows that BPD symptoms decrease in severity over time. However, a subset of patients with BPD continue to meet criteria for the disorder in older adulthood. Little is known about this subset. Perception of BPD as a young-person's diagnosis could lead to under recognition in older patients. As such, the objective of the present report is to provide the first direct comparison between older and younger adults with BPD on demographics, clinical presentation, and functional impairment.

Method

Over 3000 psychiatric outpatients were evaluated with semi-structured diagnostic interviews. Forty-six older adults (age 45–68) and 97 younger adults (age 18–25) met criteria for BPD.

Results

Both groups reported high levels of functional impairment and Axis I comorbidity. Older adults were more likely to endorse chronic emptiness, and less likely to endorse impulsivity, self-harm, and affective instability. Older adults also reported fewer substance use disorders, more lifetime hospitalizations and higher social impairment.

Conclusion

Older adults with BPD had a significantly different clinical presentation from younger adults with BPD, including differences in likelihood of endorsing specific BPD criteria, social impairment, and comorbid substance use. It is important to assess less prototypic features of BPD to avoid overlooking borderline personality features in this population.