部分头孢菌素类药物快速检测方法研究

目的建立同时检测多种头孢菌素类药物的方法,从而使得检验过程更加快捷方便。方法采用TLC法,应用适宜展开系统同时检测三种头孢菌素类药物,并应用HPLC法对此方法进行验证。结果所建立的展开系统可同时检测头孢曲松钠、头孢唑林钠和头孢噻肟钠三种药物。结论所建立的薄层色谱法专属性强、灵敏度高、重现性好,可以作为该类头孢菌素类药物真伪检测方法。     

医院内部分科室抗菌药物应用分析

目的为增进抗菌药物的合理应用,抽查部分科室病例,并对其抗菌药物使用情况进行了分析。方法对抽取病历的用药种类及用药时间、药物联用情况等进行统计、分析。结果围手术期抗菌药物预防性应用率达100%,用药合理占70.04%,基本合理为23.34%;不合理占6.62%;治疗性应用抗菌药物的病例均达到《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》的基本要求。结论我院围手术期患者抗菌药物应用情况还未能完全达到《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》中的要求,应进一步加强监管。     

头孢卡品酯的体内外抗菌药效学研究

目的 评价头孢卡品酯的体内外抗菌活性,并与其他三种头孢类抗生素进行比较,为头孢卡品酯在我国的临床应用及了解其抗菌特性提供依据.方法 使用2008至2009年从北京地区收集的临床菌株,采用平皿二倍稀释法、试管二倍稀释法和菌落计数等测定各药物的体外抗菌活性,包括最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度、杀菌曲线等等,同时以小鼠感染保护试验评价头孢卡品酯及对照药物头孢妥仑酯的体内抗菌活性.结果 头孢卡品酯对包括革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌在内的多种细菌均具有很强的体内外抗菌活性,尤其对细菌性肺炎相关的致病菌具有非常好的疗效.结论 头孢卡品酯是一种有效的广谱头孢类抗生素,具有良好的临床使用前景.     

氨噻肟唑头孢菌素的合成

本文以7-ACA为原料制备了7-ACT,再以DCC为缩合剂与侧链2(2-氯乙酰氨基噻唑-4)-(Z)-2甲氧亚胺乙酸进行缩合,使用N-甲基二硫代氨基甲酸甲胺盐脱保护基,以葡聚糖凝胶LH-20精制合成了氨噻肟唑头孢菌素;总收率35.8％。产物经~1H核磁确证为顺式构型化合物。     

Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Community-Onset Bacteremia Caused by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli over a 6-Year Period

Although extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) has emerged as a significant community-acquired pathogen, there is little epidemiological information regarding community-onset bacteremia due to ESBL-EC. A retrospective observational study from 2006 through 2011 was performed to evaluate the epidemiology of community-onset bacteremia caused by ESBL-EC. In a six-year period, the proportion of ESBL-EC responsible for causing community-onset bacteremia had increased significantly, from 3.6% in 2006 to 14.3%, in 2011. Of the 97 clinically evaluable cases with ESBL-EC bacteremia, 32 (33.0%) were further classified as healthcare-associated infections. The most common site of infection was urinary tract infection (n=35, 36.1%), followed by biliary tract infections (n=29, 29.9%). Of the 103 ESBL-EC isolates, 43 (41.7%) produced CTX-M-14 and 36 (35.0%) produced CTX-M-15. In the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of 76 isolates with CTX-M-14 or -15 type ESBLs, the most prevalent sequence type (ST) was ST131 (n=15, 19.7%), followed by ST405 (n=12, 15.8%) and ST648 (n=8, 10.5%). No significant differences in clinical features were found in the ST131 group versus the other group. These findings suggest that epidemic ESBL-EC clones such as CTX-M-14 or -15 type ESBLs and ST131 have disseminated in community-onset infections, even in bloodstream infections, which are the most serious type of infection.     

Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli faecal carriage in Spanish travellers returning from tropical and subtropical countries

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) -producing Escherichia coli in stool samples from 457 patients with travellers’ diarrhoea who had travelled to tropical and subtropical countries. Ninety-seven ESBL-producing E. coli strains were isolated from 17.9% of the patients (82/457). CTX-M-15 was the most prevalent enzyme (80%) and India was the most visited country and showed the highest prevalence of positive samples (37.4%).     

Risk factors of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized adults: Vary by hospitalized duration

BackgroundClostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. Hospitalized patients were at risk of C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). However the risk factors of CDAD in patients with different hospitalization period are not clear.Material and methodsA prospective investigation was conducted in medical wards of a district hospital in southern Taiwan, from January 2011 to January 2013. We arbitrary divided patients into two groups: hospitalized for at most 14 days and 15–30 days, and analyzed their risk factors for CDAD.ResultsOverall 451 patients were enrolled. The multivariable analysis of 19 (8.0%) patients developing CDAD within 14 days' hospital stay and 216 patients hospitalized for ≤ 14 days without CDAD showed malignancy (odds ratio [OR] 7.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.82–28.09; P = 0.005), prior cephalosporin (OR 10.8, 95% CI 1.3–93.9; P = 0.03) and proton pump inhibitor (PPI; OR 7.1, 95% CI 2.1–24.7; P = 0.002) therapy were independently related to CDAD (Table 3), but hypertension (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.7; P = 0.01) was reversely related to CDAD. However, of 9 (4.2%) patients developing CDAD later (15–30 days' hospital stay) and 207 patients with longer hospitalization (15–30 days) but free of CDAD, malignancy (OR 14.0, 95% CI 1.6–124.9; P = 0.02) and underlying diabetes mellitus (OR 20.5, 95% CI 2.9–144.9; P = 0.002) were independent risk factors of CDAD.ConclusionRisk factors for CDAD among hospitalized patients varied by the duration of hospital stay. Intervention strategies to prevent CDAD may be different in terms of hospital stay duration.     

头孢菌素溶解后液量变化对皮试液浓度影响的研究

目的探讨头孢菌素类药物溶解后溶液量的变化，为临床准确配制头孢菌素类药物皮试液，减少假性皮试结果提供参考意见。方法观察研究我院常用的头孢菌素类药物皮试液配制方法，比较配液量及溶解后溶液量变化值及对皮试液浓度的影响。结果大多数头孢菌素类药物存在溶解后液量多于配液量，未考虑溶液量增长所配制的皮试液浓度低于要求浓度（500μg／m1），P〈0.01。结论配头孢菌素类药物皮试液应改进配制方法：即注入溶解液时应考虑减去溶解后液量变化值；在药瓶容量允许的情况下溶解液宜多不宜少，尽可能减少假性皮试结果。     

小儿肺炎2种药物治疗方案最小成本分析

目的:评价第3代头孢菌素2种给药方案治疗小儿肺炎的经济性。方法:采用前瞻性、随机对照的临床研究方法,对头孢曲松连续静脉滴注(A组)与头孢曲松-头孢克肟序贯(B组)治疗小儿肺炎的方案进行最小成本分析。结果:2组在临床效果、细菌清除率及不良反应发生率方面无显著性差异(P>0·05),但B组的医疗总费用及抗生素费用明显低于A组(P<0·001)。结论:小儿肺炎采用头孢曲松-头孢克肟序贯治疗不但安全、有效,而且更加经济、合理。