New procedure of bronchoalveolar lavage using a balloon catheter in diffuse lung diseases

BackgroundVarious procedures for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have been developed. BAL needs a wedge between the bronchoscope and the inner surface of the bronchus. The feasibility of performing BAL at the targeted position cannot be determined until immediately before the procedure. We examined BAL performed using a balloon catheter to evaluate the stability of the procedure itself and quality of the specimen obtained.MethodsThe main inclusion criteria were diffuse lung disease with a shadow in the B⁵a area. The tip of a disposable balloon catheter was passed through the orifice of the B⁵a bronchus, and the balloon was expanded at the B⁵a bronchus. A 50-mL syringe containing saline was instilled, and gentle hand suction was performed. This procedure was repeated two more times (total: 150 mL).ResultsIn all the 13 patients, the balloon of the catheter was inflated at the B⁵a bronchus. The median recovery rate was 34.92% ± 13.22%. These values were comparable to previously obtained BAL data (control group, N = 56) from our facility. The BAL fluid findings and final diagnosis, with the exception of one undiagnosed case, were consistent. Overall, four patients suffered an adverse event during BAL (hypoxemia). All cases were managed by increasing the oxygen flow rate, and the adverse event did not affect the subsequent examinations.ConclusionsUsing a balloon catheter enabled us to perform BAL at the intended bronchus. The quality of the obtained specimen was also acceptable.     

纤维支气管镜和CT诊断支气管内膜结核的分析探讨

目的加强对支气管内膜结核早期征象的认识,提高诊治水平。方法收集了经活检和(或)刷栓和(或)痰查结核分枝杆菌检查证实的19例支气管内膜结核病例,分析螺旋CT和纤维支气管镜的检查结果、诊断准确率,比较两者的符合率。结果螺旋CT检查支气管异常发现率89．4%(17/19),确诊率为21．1%(4/19)；纤维支气管镜检查支气管异常发现率100．0%,活检阳性率47．4%(9/19),刷检阳性率36．8%(7/19),纤维支气管镜总阳性率84．2%(16/19)。结论CT对支气管内膜结核有重要诊断价值,但缺乏诊断特异性；纤维支气管镜检查是目前支气管内膜结核临床诊断最有效、最敏感的方法。     

纤维支气管镜活检病变组织标本和痰标本Survivin基因的检测对肺癌的诊断价值

目的明确纤维支气管镜(以下简称纤支镜)活检病变组织和痰标本中SurvivinmRNA的检测在肺癌诊断中的意义。方法应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT PCR)法检测41例肺癌手术标本癌组织、癌旁组织和9例良性肺疾病病变组织手术标本,80例肺癌和30例良性肺疾病纤支镜活检病变组织标本及所有(160例)患者痰标本SurvivinmRNA表达情况,并与病理组织学、刷检细胞学和痰细胞学检查结果比较。结果肺癌手术切除标本癌组织SurvivinmRNA的阳性率为70.7%(29/41),高于癌旁组织[17.1%(7/41)]和良性肺疾病组织(1/9),差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为23.97和10.93,P均<0.05),而癌旁组织与肺良性疾病组织相比,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.20,P>0.05);纤支镜活检肺癌组织标本SurvivinmRNA的阳性率为63.8%(51/80),高于良性肺疾病的13.3%(4/30,χ2值为22.18,P<0.05);肺癌患者癌组织SurvivinmRNA表达与否及表达水平与患者年龄、性别及肿瘤的病理分型、分级、部位及转移情况均无明显相关性(P均>0.05)。肺癌患者痰标本SurvivinmRNA的阳性率是59.5%(72/121),癌细胞的检出率是47.1%(57/121);痰Survivin mRNA检测联合痰细胞学检查诊断肺癌的敏感性为80.2%(97/121),高于单独痰细胞学及单独痰SurvivinmRNA检测的敏感性(P均<0.05)。手术标本、纤支镜活检标     

Utility of Radial Probe Endobronchial Ultrasound Guided Transbronchial Lung Biopsy in Bronchus Sign Negative Peripheral Pulmonary Lesions

BackgroundThe presence of the bronchus sign on chest computed tomography is associated with an increased diagnostic yield of radial probe endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial lung biopsy (RP-EBUS-TBLB). However, the utility of RP-EBUS-TBLB for bronchus sign negative peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) remains unknown. We investigated the utility of RP-EBUS-TBLB in bronchus sign negative PPLs.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed data from 109 patients who underwent RP-EBUS for bronchus sign negative PPLs from January 2019 to August 2020. TBLB was performed using RP-EBUS with a guide sheath and without fluoroscopy. The EBUS visualization and TBLB diagnostic yields were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors affecting the EBUS visualization and diagnostic yields.ResultsThe EBUS visualization yield was 74.1% (68/109). Of the 109 lung lesions, 92 were definitively diagnosed. The overall diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 50.5% (55/109), 34.9% (29/83), 100% (26/26), 100% (29/29), and 32.5% (26/80), respectively. In multivariable analyses, the size of the lesion (≥ 20 mm; odds ratio [OR], 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–5.93; P = 0.021) and the distance from the pleura (> 10 mm; OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.02–5.52; P = 0.045) were associated with EBUS visualization. Regarding diagnostic yield, having the probe within the lesion (OR, 28.50; 95% CI, 6.26–129.85; P < 0.001) and a solid lesion (OR, 14.58; 95% CI, 2.64–80.38; P = 0.002) were associated with diagnostic success. Pneumothorax and hemoptysis occurred in 3.7% (4/109) and 0.9% (1/109), respectively, of the patients.ConclusionRP-EBUS-TBLB using a GS can be considered a diagnostic method in bronchus sign negative solid PPLs. Having the probe within the lesion and a solid lesion were important for diagnostic success. Complication rates were acceptable.     

支气管镜检查对老年患者呼出气一氧化氮的影响

目的 评估支气管镜检查对老年患者呼出气一氧化氮浓度（exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO）的影响.方法 2013年1月-2013年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院呼吸科住院诊治的接受支气管镜检查的老年患者55例,其中男性32例,女性23例,平均（68.8±8.1）岁,分别于支气管镜检查前,检查后1、2、3和24h测定FeNO值.结果 支气管镜检查前FeNO的平均值为（21.7±3.1） ppb.在支气管镜检查后1h时FeNO显著减少到（14.8±2.1）ppb,P＜0.01.FeNO在2h时达到其最低点（14.2±2.3）ppb,P＜0.01.在24 h时,FeNO值为（22.4±2.9） ppb,P=0.73,与支气管镜检查前无明显差异.结论 目前导致FeNO短暂的下降,但机制目前仍不清楚.原因可能与利多卡因的使用和过度通气及咳嗽有关.     

Tracheobronchial lesions in eosinophilic pneumonia

BackgroundEosinophilic pneumonia (EP) is characterized by eosinophil infiltration in the lung parenchyma. However, tracheobronchial lesions associated with the disease have been poorly described. To clarify the frequency and characteristics of cases with tracheobronchial lesions in EP, we performed a retrospective review of EP patients.MethodsWe included 36 EP cases seen from January 2004 to December 2007 at the Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center. The incidence of tracheobronchial nodules and associated clinical features were analyzed.ResultsOf these 36 patients, 29 had chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP); 1, acute EP; 3, drug-induced EP; 2, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; and 1, parasite-related EP. Only 2 of the 29 CEP cases had tracheobronchial lesions. For both of these cases, bronchoscopy revealed multiple whitish nodules on the tracheobronchial mucosa. The associated histopathological findings revealed squamous metaplasia and eosinophil infiltration in the subepithelial region. In both cases, the nodules disappeared after steroid therapy. The prevalence of tracheobronchial lesions was 6.9% in CEP patients and 5.6% in EP patients overall. EP patients were divided into 3 groups: CEP with nodules (n=2), CEP without nodules (n=27), and other EP (n=7). We found that the CEP with nodules group showed a relatively higher incidence of respiratory symptoms, higher white blood cell (WBC) count, and higher levels of peripheral and bronchoalveolar eosinophilia than the other groups.ConclusionsTracheobronchial nodules represent rare observations within the EP population, which are likely to reflect a severe disease condition.     

三种通气方式在老年患者纤支镜检查术中的效果比较

目的 探讨三种通气管理方式用于老年患者纤支镜检查术的效果.方法 120例麻醉风险评估（ASA）为Ⅰ～Ⅲ级的老年患者,按分层抽样原则分为3组：局麻自主呼吸组（S组）;全麻内镜面罩通气组（E组）;全麻三通喉罩（TLMA）通气组（T组）,每组各40例患者.3组均采用超声雾化器吸入2％利多卡因15 min进行表面麻醉;E组和T组静脉注射芬太尼1.0 μg/kg、异丙酚1.5 mg/kg,微泵连续输注异丙酚5.0 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,T组另加微泵连续输注瑞芬太尼0.2 μg·kg^-1·min^-1维持麻醉.E组通过内镜面罩供氧,T组插入TLMA行控制呼吸.记录患者基础值（T0）以及纤支镜入声门前（T1）、入声门时（T2）、入声门后5 min时（T3）、活检或涮检时（T4）、出声门时（T5）的心率（HR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和血氧饱和度（SpO2）的变化;应用高效液相色谱分析法测定T0、T1、T2、T3、T4、T5时的静脉血血浆肾上腺素（E）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）和多巴胺（DA）水平.结果 S组完成手术33例（82.5％）,7例（17.5％）患者放弃手术;E组全部病例完成手术,9例（22.5％）发生呼吸抑制,10例（25.0％）发生呼吸道梗阻;T组全部手术顺利完成,无明显并发症.S组收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和心率（HR）在T2、T3、T4、T5时均显著高于T0（P ＜0.05）,也显著高于E组和T组（P＜0.05）.S组的E、NE和DA在T2、T3、T4、T5时显著高于E组和T组（P＜0.05）.结论 老年患者纤支镜检查术时表面麻醉复合静脉麻醉,并应用内镜面罩或TLMA行气道管理较单纯表面麻醉更加安全有效,TLMA通气效果满意,血流动力学和应激激素水平更稳定.     

高分辨率CT气管三维成像对比支气管镜在诊断气道软化的研究

目的 以支气管镜检查结果为标准,比较高分辨率CT在诊断气道软化方面的效能.方法 收集2009年1月至2013年1月中山市陈星海医院门诊和住院患者100例（其中男性61例,女性39例,年龄42～78岁,平均年龄57.2岁）,通过进行高分辨率CT扫描后气道三维重建成像及支气管镜检查,以呼气时成像后狭窄部位气管横截面积≤50％狭窄部位前后平均气管横截面积为判断标准,并以支气管镜检查结果为最终诊断.结果 46例经支气管镜诊断的气道软化患者（其中男性31例,女性15例）中,高分辨率CT三维重建共诊断出41例.结论 高分辨率CT作为一种无创检查方法,可有效诊断出气道软化.     

成人支气管异物长期误诊1例并文献复习

目的 提高对成人支气管异物的认识和诊治水平,避免长期误诊、误治.方法 回顾我院收治的1例长期误诊支气管异物成年患者病历资料,并复习相关文献,探讨成人支气管异物在临床症状、胸部影像学及支气管镜下的不典型表现以及造成患者长期误诊、误治的原因.结果 成年患者,近4年反复咳嗽、咯痰、喘憋,影像学上有弥漫性磨玻璃影、多发支气管扩张及斑片影等多种表现,曾行支气管舒张试验阳性,严重时曾行气管插管,入我院后行支气管镜检查确诊为右中间段支气管异物,后长期随访患者临床表现、影像学及肺功能检查已治愈.结论 成年患者常无明确异物吸入史,临床症状不典型,影像学常无异物存在直接征象,容易造成临床误诊、误治,支气管镜对成人支气管异物的诊治有重要价值.