母乳喂养对新生儿血清胆红素的影响

分析了2075例新生儿,以探讨母乳喂养对新生儿血清胆红素的影响。发现纯母乳喂养组新生儿病理性黄疽发生率高于混合喂养组;母乳喂养组新生儿的血清平均胆红素水平也高于混合喂养组。结果提示母乳喂养与新生儿病理性黄疸有关。本文讨论母乳性黄疸的可能机制及改善措施。     

农村598例4～8月龄婴儿母乳喂养情况的调查

本文对改革开放富裕起来后的我区农村598例4～8月龄婴儿的母乳喂养情况进行了调查。结果表明,母乳喂养达4个月者为72.58%,比20省市农村母乳喂养率(69.92%)略高。作者还就影响母乳喂养的因素进行了分析,提出了提高农村母乳喂养率的具体措施。     

Women's breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors in shanghai in the late 1980's

Breast-feedingisgoodforinfant'shealthandisaIsoapostnatalcontraceptivemethodbecauseoflactationamenorrhoea.However,thebreast-feedingratesinourcountryandinothercountrieshavedecreasedrapidlysince.l97O'sLl].Thefactorsaffectingchoiceofmethodandthedurationofbreast-feedingwerenotthesameindifferentareasandindif-ferentpopulation.Studiesfromsomecoun-triesshowthatbreast-feedingbehaviorisre-latedtomothers'social-economystatus,edu-cation,livingdistricts,employment,confi-denceinbreast-feeding,encouragementt…     

Support and Variation, the Needs of the Breast-Feeding Woman

A basic pattern for human beings is the support given to the mother during delivery and for a period postpartum. One function of this universally recognized need is to assure the success of breast-feeding. The position of the supportive person—the doula— who works with the mother during this period is examined in this presentation. The quantitative difference in the amount of support needed by different women during this period is discussed. In the United States the role of the father is changing dramatically. Men are present at the birth of their children and are expressing more tenderness towards their wife and children. The possibility of such change of role for Japan is of concern. Studies of over 200 cultures have shown the enormous variety m patterns of care for the mother during and after delivery. The author suggests that each mother has a unique rhythm of her own and that sensitivity to each individual woman's needs might enrich her first experiences with her child.     

Breast feeding and the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

A case-control study was conducted to study the proposed inverse relationship between breast feeding and incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. All Danish diabetic men born in Copenhagen during 1959-1964 and/or residing there for the first year of life (n = 119) were identified and a search made for their post-natal health visitor records. These include data on birth weight, birth length, immunizations, and feeding habits. A total of 77 cases were re-identified. No differences were found with respect to clinical characteristics between these cases and those not identified. For each diabetic subject, two control children with date of birth identical to the diabetic cases were drawn from health visitor records. Cases and controls did not differ with respect to maternal age, or birth weight or length. Overall, the statistical analysis failed to confirm the hypothesis of an association between duration of breast feeding and subsequent diabetes risk.     

Breast-feeding influences thymic size in late infancy

We have previously shown that breast-fed infants have a considerably larger thymus at 4 months than formula-fed infants. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether breast-feeding also influences the thymic size in late infancy. In a cohort of 50 infants, all being partially breast-fed when recruited at 8 months, ultrasound assessment of the thymic index (a volume estimate) was performed at both 8 and 10 months of age. At 10 months the thymic index was significantly higher in those still being breast-fed compared to infants who had stopped breast-feeding between 8 and 10 months of age (P=0.05). This difference became more significant when controlled for the influence of infectious diseases (P=0.03). In infants still breast-fed at 10 months there was a significant correlation between the number of breast-feeds per day and their thymic index (P=0.01). Conclusion The effect of breast-feeding on thymus size is likely to be caused by immune modulating factors in breast milk. Breast milk influences thymic size in late infancy. Received: 20 October 1998 / Accepted: 21 May 1999     

Changes in uterine size after vaginal delivery and cesarean section determined by vaginal sonography in the puerperium

There have been few reports on postpartum changes in the uterus during the three months after delivery. The aim of this study was to evaluate uterine morphological changes in women after vaginal delivery (n=262–351) and in women after cesarean section (n=64–82) and to evaluate the relation between breast-feeding and parity, and uterine involution at 1 and 3 months postpartum measured by vaginal ultrasonography. There were no significant differences in parity between the vaginal delivery group and the cesarean section group. The length of the uterus at one month (7.93±1.16 cm, mean±SD) and, three months (7.03± 1.19 cm) and the width of the uterus at three months (3.83±0.94 cm) after delivery in the cesarean section group were greater than in the transvaginal group (7.64±1.03 cm, 6.65±0.99 cm, 3.57±0.62 cm, respectively). Increasing maternal parity was associated slightly with larger uterine size at one month post partum. The length of the uterus of women with a breast-feeding rate of 80% or more per day was 6.35±0.85 cm, and shorter than in women with a rate of 20% or less 7.03±1.04 cm, at three months after delivery. The width of the uterine body of women with a breast-feeding rate of 80% or more per day was 3.32±0.45 cm, and shorter than in women with a rate of 20% or less 3.87±0.66 cm, at 3 months after delivery. Stepwise regression and multiple regression analysis among parity, the history of cesarean section, the breast-feeding rate at one and three months after the delivery, and the restoration of the menses at three months after the delivery showed that the uterine size at one month after the delivery was related to the cesarean section and that the uterine size at three months after delivery was mostly related to the rate of breast-feeding. These results indicated that uterine involution was related to delivery mode at one and three months postpartum, feeding mode at three months postpartum, the menses restoration, and parity. The rate of breast-feeding was mostly related to the uterine size at three months postpartum. Received: April 1998 / Accepted: 26 March 1999     

Effects of the etonogestrel-releasing implant Implanon and a nonmedicated intrauterine device on the growth of breast-fed infants

The study objectives were to compare the effects of an etonogestrel-releasing implant (Implanon) and a nonmedicated intrauterine device (IUD) on parameters of lactation in breast-feeding women and on the growth of their breast-fed infants over a 3-year period. Healthy lactating women (28-56 days postpartum) chose either the implant (n=42) or the IUD (n=38). Infant growth during a 3-year follow-up period is reported here. Total duration of breast-feeding coinciding with the mothers' treatment was 421.0 and 423.4 days in the Implanon and IUD groups, respectively. There were no differences between the infant groups in terms of body length, biparietal head circumference and body weight. No abnormalities were reported in psychomotor development or during physical examination. No treatment-related side effects were observed in either group. In conclusion, there were no differences in the growth of breast-fed infants of women treated with Implanon or a nonmedicated IUD. Implanon, therefore, appears to be a safe contraceptive option for breast-feeding women and their infants.