Influence of number of deliveries and total breast-feeding time on bone mineral density in premenopausal and young postmenopausal women

Objectives

Pregnancy and lactation have been associated with decline in bone mineral density (BMD). It is not clear if there is a full recovery of BMD to baseline. This study sought to determine if pregnancy or breast-feeding or both have a cumulative effect on BMD in premenopausal and early postmenopausal women.

Study design

We performed single-center cohort analysis. Five hundred women aged 35–55 years underwent routine BMD screening from February to July 2011 at a tertiary medical center. Patients were questioned about number of total full-term deliveries and duration of breast-feeding and completed a background questionnaire on menarche and menopause, smoking, dairy product consumption, and weekly physical exercise. Weight and height were measured. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure spinal, dual femoral neck, and total hip BMD.

Main outcome measures

Associations between background characteristics and BMD values were analyzed.

Results

Sixty percent of the women were premenopausal. Mean number of deliveries was 2.5 and mean duration of breast-feeding was 9.12 months. On univariate analysis, BMD values were negatively correlated with patient age (p = 0.006) and number of births (p = 0.013), and positively correlated with body mass index (p < 0.001). On multiple (adjusted) logistic regression analysis, prolonged breast-feeding duration, but not number of deliveries, was significantly correlated to a low BMD (p = 0.008). An effect was noted only in postmenopausal women. The spine was the most common site of BMD decrease.

Conclusions

Prolonged breast-feeding may have a deleterious long-term effect on BMD and may contribute to increased risk of osteoporosis later in life.     

哺乳期急性乳腺炎的早期防治体会

目的总结哺乳期急性乳腺炎的早期防治经验。方法回顾性分析1999～2006年我院396例急性乳腺炎的防治措施。结果385例完全治愈,7例形成乳腺脓肿切开引流后好转,4例发生乳瘘后被迫停止哺乳。结论早期防治,保证婴儿的正常哺乳,减少女性乳房的进一步损伤,值得临床推广。     

母婴同室婴儿状况调查与分析(附508例报告)

本文总结了1994年7月4日～10月4日在我院产科分娩的508例活产新生儿与母同室,除1例患先天性食道闭锁外其余全部实行母乳喂养,其中纯母乳喂养506例,中比例母乳喂养1例,象征性母乳喂养0例;住院期间体重都有不同程度增加.与1993年同期住院新生儿(母婴分室)患病情况进行了比较有明显下降。因此必须大力提倡母婴同室,母乳喂养。     

403例儿童母乳喂养现状及产妇缺乳的危险因素评析

本文采用(WHO1991)母乳喂养最新评价指标的方法,对内蒙古阿左旗巴音浩特1992～1993年0～2岁403例城镇儿童母乳喂养现状及产妇缺乳的危险因素进行了调查评价与分析.结果表明:(1)该地母乳喂养现状为:纯母乳喂养率43.37％;优势母乳喂养率22.89％;及时添加辅食率62.62％;继续母乳喂养率(1岁)62％;继续母乳喂养率(2岁)3.57％;奶瓶喂养率34.83％;(2)产妇缺乳的危险因素是:产妇产后1周内的食欲、睡眠、精神、疾病状况、喂乳习惯、开奶时间以及产妇年龄、文化程度、经济收入。对此提出了相应改善建议。     

不同喂养方式婴儿乳前牙菌斑变链菌族细菌分析

目的 比较不同喂养方式婴儿间变形链球菌族细菌(Ms)定殖情况，为龋病预防提供依据。方法 采用细菌分离、培养，生化试验和免疫学血清凝集试验对婴儿乳前牙牙菌斑内细菌进行分离鉴定，分析MS的定殖情况以及其与婴儿期喂养方式的关系。结果 不同喂养方式婴儿间MS定殖水平无差别。结论 母乳喂养和奶瓶喂养对婴儿期口内MS的早期定殖所起的作用无显著差别。     

Effects of prolonged breast- and bottle-feeding on occlusal characteristics in the primary dentition

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of prolonged breast- and bottle-feeding on the growing primary dentition. This longitudinal study was conducted through a survey questionnaire and clinical examination of 592 children from 18 months to 36 months of age. Selected occlusal characteristics were compared among groups of children with different durations of breast- or bottle-feeding. The prevalence of breast-feeding at 18 months, 24 months and 36 months of age was 9.3%, 3.2% and 0.2% respectively. Prevalence of bottle-feeding was 14.4%, 2.9% and 0.7% respectively. Deepbite showed tendencies towards increasing prevalence with increased bottle-feeding duration. One third of the children who continued bottle-feeding at 24 months of age exhibited deepbite. Anterior crossbite were significantly more prevalent among those with continued breast-feeding at 18 months but ceased by 24 months (28.0%) than for that in the habit-free group (11.7%). However, anterior crossbite showed tendencies towards decreasing prevalence with increased breast-feeding duration. The prevalence of anterior crossbite was 6.7% in the children who continued breast-feeding at 24 months of age. However, the study suggests that spontaneous change in the occlusion following feeding discontinuation, although longer-term longitudinal studies are needed to demonstrate such changes directly.     

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Human Milk of Mothers Living in Northern Tunisia

The levels of 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in breast milk from 87 Tunisian mothers throughout their lactation periods. Breast milk levels of OCP residues were determined using a validated methodology that included capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. All samples contained detectable residues of p,p′-DDE (2.421 mg/kg milk fat) and HCB (0.260 mg/kg milk fat). The other OCP residues were detected in the following order of frequency: Dieldrin 38%, β-HCH 22.9% and γ-HCH 6.8%. It was made an attempt to point out the relationship between some factors and the transfer of OCP residues into breast milk. In this study we found that concentrations of OCPs increased with mothers’ age, these levels decreased with the number of children.     

产后42天母乳喂养现状及影响因素研究

目的调查产后42 d母乳喂养现状,分析影响母乳喂养的因素,提出护理对策,提高母乳喂养率。方法对大坪医院2015年12月~2016年2月产后42 d门诊就诊的220名产妇展开调查问卷。结果共回收有效问卷215份,产后母乳喂养率为56.7%,42 d母乳喂养率为58.1%(125/215),其中出院时喂养技巧的掌握、持续母乳喂养信心的培养及产前、产后是否按时进行门诊诊治等因素对母乳喂养率有显著影响。结论产后42 d母乳喂养率与产妇出院时喂养技巧掌握不足、母乳喂养信心减弱及产前、产后不能按时进行门诊诊治相关,建议在产妇住院期间加强对喂养技巧的传授,增强其喂养信心,采取有效措施促使母亲按时进行产前、产后门诊诊治并纠正错误的喂养观念,提高6个月母乳喂养率,促进母婴健康。     

Translation and validation of the Breast-feeding Self-efficacy Scale into Turkish

Background

recent research indicates that most mothers give up breast feeding their infants early in the postpartum period due to difficulties with breast feeding and the belief that they are inefficient at breast feeding. Using self-efficacy theory as a conceptual framework to measure breast-feeding confidence, a Turkish version of the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) was developed and psychometrically tested among Turkish mothers.

Objective

to translate the BSES into Turkish and assess its psychometric properties among breast-feeding mothers.

Design

a methodological study to assess the reliability, validity and predictive value of the BSES.

Setting

women were recruited from two mother and child health-care units in the Alt?nda? district in Izmir, Turkey between 2006 and 2007, and followed up two months post partum.

Participants

165 Turkish-speaking women.

Methods

following back-translation, questionnaires were completed in hospital and at home by postnatal women. The BSES was administrated at one, four and eight weeks post partum to determine the method of infant feeding. The interviews and home visits were conducted in mothers’ own homes at a mutually convenient time.

Findings

the psychometric assessment method used to validate the original BSES (English version) was replicated with the translated Turkish version. The well-concordance coefficient of Kendall’s W scale was 0.227, p<0.01 and the test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.45. The consistency of the scale in terms of temporal process was efficient (p=0.00). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.91 and 0.92 at one and four weeks post partum, respectively, and the reliability of the scale was found to be high (0.80≤α<1.00).

Key conclusions and implications for practice

the Turkish version of the BSES can be used to determine which mothers are at risk of giving up breast feeding early in the postpartum period, and the subjects they need to learn about breast feeding.     

新生儿高胆红素血症200例病因分析

目的：通过对本院200例新生儿中高胆红素血症发病原因统计分析来探究高胆红素血症主要的病因所在。方法：分析我院2011年1月至2014年9月治疗的200例高胆红素新生儿,对其病因进行统计和分析。结果：通过分析统计表明,其中16例新生儿高胆红素血症是由于ABO溶血病而引起,其他病患则是由于母乳性黄疸。结论：新生儿高胆红素血症大部分是母乳性黄疸。