Decreased thymus size in formula-fed infants compared with breastfed infants

The objective of this research was to investigate if breastfeeding affects the size of the thymus. Ultrasound assessment of the thymic index (a volume estimate) at birth and age 4 months in 47 healthy infants born in the hospital were used. History of feeding mode, body size and illness were registered. At 4 months the geometric mean thymic index (range) was 38.3 (16.2-83.2) in exclusively breastfed infants ( n = 21), 27.3 (15.6-50.0) in partially breastfed infants ( n = 13) and 18.3 (12.2-32.6) in formula fed infants ( n = 13; p = 0.0001, ANOVA). This finding was independent of weight, length, sex and previous or current illness. There was no significant difference in mean thymic index at birth between the three feeding groups and mean thymic index had increased in all three groups from birth to 4 months. For the formula-fed infants it seems that the thymus remains large for a period and then decreases in size after breastfeeding has been terminated. We conclude that the thymus is considerably larger in breastfed than in formula-fed infants at the age of 4 months. The cause of this difference is unknown but human milk contains many immune modulating factors that might cause this effect.     

上海市徐汇区婴幼儿保健服务现状调查

目的: 了解上海市徐汇区婴幼儿及其家庭的一般情况、育儿知识情况, 找出今后工作的重点。方法: 采取整群抽样的方法, 抽取上海市徐汇区龙华街道及康健街道 2002年 8月 1日~2004年 3月 1日出生的婴幼儿, 填写婴幼儿背景资料表; 2003年 8月 1日 ~ 2004年 3月 1日出生的新生儿填写新生儿随访评估表。结果: 孕妇孕期先兆流产史发病率较高(13. 42% ), 孕期患病率为 22. 37%; 婴幼儿母乳喂养率较低 (48. 57% ); 婴幼儿父母获取育儿知识的途径主要为书籍、宣传画册, 其次为家属、朋友等。结论: 加强孕妇孕产期保健; 关注影响母乳喂养的社会因素, 提高母乳喂养率; 提供更为科学的育儿知识是非常必要的。     

The position of the tongue during rooting reflexes elicited in newborn infants before the first suckle

A common breast-feeding problem is when the infant "places its tongue in its palate" and has difficulties in attaching to its mother's nipple. The aim of this study was to document the position of the tongue in the mouth cavity during rooting reflexes elicited in newborn infants before the first suckle. Eleven healthy, full-term infants were videotaped 101 ± 31 min after birth during an evoked distinct rooting reflex before the first suckle. The videotaped rooting reflex was analyzed in detail concerning the degree of turning of the head, mouth opening and position of the tongue, in pictures that were "frozen" at specific intervals. "Licking movements" preceded and followed the rooting reflex in the alert infants. In 10 of the 11 infants the tongue was placed in the bottom of the mouth cavity during a distinct rooting reflex ( p = < 0.05). It is suggested that forcing the infant to the breast might abolish the rooting reflex and disturb placement of the tongue. A healthy infant should have the opportunity of showing hunger and optimal reflexes, and attach to its mother's nipple by itself.     

母乳性黄疸

报告33例母乳性黄疸,对其发生机理、诊断标准、处理及预后进行了讨论。强调尽管母乳喂养可使一定比例的新生儿出现黄疸,但因预后良好,应积极提倡和推广母乳喂养。     

产科因素对母乳喂养影响的实验研究

为调查产科制度对母乳喂养的影响,我们对在医院正常分娩的孕妇进行母乳喂养观察。结果表明,满4个月母乳喂养率实验组比对照组提高30％,新生儿肺炎减少2.25倍,腹泻减少41.67％,体重增长产后7天实验组为7.6％,对照组为4.2％。     

Immunological Protection of the Neonatal Gastrointestinal Tract: the Importance of Breast Feeding

ABSTRACT. Immunoglobulins A, M and G were measured in the milk of 20 nursing mothers at the beginning of lactation and simultaneously in the faeces of their children. The IgA level in the human milk was very high especially during the first week of lactation. After the start of breast-feeding IgA rapidly increased in the faeces, whereas IgG and IgM concentrations were consistently very low. In 74 normal full-term bottle-fed infants IgA appeared in the faeces at the age of 3-4 weeks but the level was significantly lower than the IgA level in breast-fed infants at the same age. Secretory IgA of human milk is stable and resistant to gastrointestinal juices and enzymes, thus giving passive immunological protection to the digestive tract of the newborn infant.     

Weaning; when,what and why

The weaning period is important from the nutritional stand point. The available evidence suggests that 4–6 months is perhaps the most appropriate age for introducing supplementary foods. Under the conditions prevailing in developing countries introduction of any food other than breast milk is hazardous and therefore, administration of safe weaning foods must receive attention. Emphasis should be laid on low cost wearning foods based on locally available foods which are within the reach of the rural population.     

健康教育路径对术后母婴分离产妇母乳喂养的影响

目的:研究健康教育路径对术后母婴分离产妇母乳喂养的影响。方法:将160例剖宫产母婴分离产妇随机分为实验组和对照组各80例,对照组采用传统健康教育方式,实验组按照健康教育路径进行健康教育。观察两组产妇母乳喂养知识与技能掌握优秀率、泌乳始动率、泌乳量以及产后4个月纯母乳喂养率。结果:实验组产妇出院时母乳喂养知识与技能掌握优秀率增高、泌乳始动时间提前,泌乳量增多以及产后4个月纯母乳喂养率明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:健康教育路径可以提高术后母婴分离产妇掌握母乳喂养知识与技能,促进母乳喂养成功。     

乙肝病毒携带产妇乳汁乙肝病毒标志物检测及分析

目的 通过检测乙肝血清学指标阳性的产妇乳汁中乙肝两对半及外周血HBV-DNA定量,以探讨两者之间的关系及其对于母乳喂养的影响.方法 对42例血清乙肝指标阳性的产妇,应用酶联免疫吸附法和荧光定量法检测乳汁中乙肝两对半及血HBV-DNA,42例血清乙肝指标阴性产妇作为对照组.结果 42例HBV携带孕妇产后乳汁乙肝两对半HbsAg检出率为33.3%.42例HBV携带孕妇HBV-DNA阳性率为28.57%.对照组乳汁HbsAg检出率为0,HBV-DNA阳性率为0.结论 乙肝小三阳或仅HbsAg阳性的孕妇乳汁乙肝病毒检出率低,母乳喂养相对安全,并且其乳汁的传染性明显低于乙肝大三阳孕妇.乳汁乙肝两对半全阴且血清HBV-DNA处于正常范围的产妇提倡母乳喂养.     

健康教育干预对母乳喂养效果的影响

目的探讨健康教育干预对母乳喂养效果的影响,进一步提高母乳喂养率和母乳质量。方法选择我院2008年1月。2010年1月间入院的100例产妇,将其分成对照组和健康教育组,各50例。对照组不进行任何干预,产妇产后只进行常规护理;健康教育组接受系统的母乳喂养健康教育指导,比较两组产妇对母乳喂养知识的知晓率、实际母乳喂养率、产妇的乳汁分泌量等指标。结果健康教育组产妇的母乳喂养知识的知晓率、实际母乳喂养率、产妇的乳汁分泌量等指标均优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对孕产妇进行科学、系统的母乳喂养健康教育是十分必要的,是临床上提高母乳喂养成功率和母乳质量的有效方法,值得临床推广使用。