基于不同扩散模型的扩散加权成像在脑胶质瘤分级和预测IDH-1突变的对比分析

对比分析基于不同扩散模型的扩散加权成像（扩散张量成像：DTI,扩散峰度成像：DKI,和神经突起方向离散度与密度成像：NODDI）在脑胶质瘤术前预测脑胶质瘤级别和异柠檬酸脱氢酶-1（IDH-1）突变的诊断效能。     

冰毒成瘾者脑结构改变的磁共振研究

目的采用AccuBrain全自动大脑结构分割量化技术,探讨冰毒成瘾者与正常人脑结构的差异。材料与方法25例冰毒吸食者及37名正常志愿者采用3.0T磁共振与64通道头部正交线圈进行T1-3D扫描。采用AccuBrain进行后处理,获取脑部各区间结构。基于脑部自动分割结果,对相应脑区的绝对体积和相对体积进行测量。采用SPSS22.0进行统计学分析,结果以P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果冰毒组的小脑、左侧海马、双侧伏隔区较正常人缩小,左侧侧脑室则较正常人增大。结论吸食冰毒会造成脑结构改变,可针对性进行治疗与预防。     

Contact lens-related corneal infection: Intrinsic resistance and its compromise

Contact lenses represent a widely utilized form of vision correction with more than 140 million wearers worldwide. Although generally well-tolerated, contact lenses can cause corneal infection (microbial keratitis), with an approximate annualized incidence ranging from ~2 to ~20 cases per 10,000 wearers, and sometimes resulting in permanent vision loss. Research suggests that the pathogenesis of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis is complex and multifactorial, likely requiring multiple conspiring factors that compromise the intrinsic resistance of a healthy cornea to infection. Here, we outline our perspective of the mechanisms by which contact lens wear sometimes renders the cornea susceptible to infection, focusing primarily on our own research efforts during the past three decades. This has included studies of host factors underlying the constitutive barrier function of the healthy cornea, its response to bacterial challenge when intrinsic resistance is not compromised, pathogen virulence mechanisms, and the effects of contact lens wear that alter the outcome of host-microbe interactions. For almost all of this work, we have utilized the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa because it is the leading cause of lens-related microbial keratitis. While not yet common among corneal isolates, clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa have emerged that are resistant to virtually all currently available antibiotics, leading the United States CDC (Centers for Disease Control) to add P. aeruginosa to its list of most serious threats. Compounding this concern, the development of advanced contact lenses for biosensing and augmented reality, together with the escalating incidence of myopia, could portent an epidemic of vision-threatening corneal infections in the future. Thankfully, technological advances in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and imaging combined with emerging models of contact lens-associated P. aeruginosa infection hold promise for solving the problem - and possibly life-threatening infections impacting other tissues.     

The use of the Rey 15-Item Test and recognition trial to evaluate noncredible effort after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury

The Rey 15-Item Test (FIT) is a performance validity test commonly used in adult neuropsychological assessment. FIT classification statistics across studies have been variable, so a recognition trial was created to enhance the measure (Boone, K. B., Salazar, X., Lu, P., Warner-Chacon, K., & Razani, J. (2002). The Rey 15-Item recognition trial: A technique to enhance sensitivity of the Rey 15-Item Memorization Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(5), 561–573.). The current study assessed the utility of the FIT and recognition trial in a pediatric mild traumatic brain injury sample (N = 319, M = 14.57 years). All participants were administered the FIT and recognition trial as part of an abbreviated clinical neuropsychological evaluation. Failure on the Medical Symptom Validity Test was used as the criterion for noncredible effort. Fifteen percent of the sample met the criterion. The traditional adult cutoff score of <9 on the FIT recall trial yielded excellent specificity (98%), but very poor sensitivity (12%). When the recognition trial was utilized, a total score of <26 resulted in the best combined cutoff score (sensitivity = 55%, specificity = 91%). Results indicate that the FIT with recognition trial may be useful in the assessment of noncredible effort with children and adolescents, at least among relatively high-functioning populations.     

5DF血球分析仪检测白细胞分类计数与瑞氏染色镜检结果对比研究

目的　探讨5DF血球分析仪白细胞分类计数与传统的瑞氏染色镜检计数结果之间的差异。方法　用5分类血球分析仪和瑞氏染色法同时对10 0份血样进行分类计数,并用统计学分析研究。结果　中性粒细胞、嗜酸、嗜碱性细胞和淋巴细胞分类计数两法无明显差异(P均>0 .0 5 ) ,但单核细胞分类计数仪器法比镜检法结果偏高(P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　对于一般血液常规检查可选用仪器法筛查,而血液系统疾病或某种原因引起的细胞结构改变应选用镜检法。     

Novel mGluR5 Positive Allosteric Modulator Improves Functional Recovery,Attenuates Neurodegeneration,and Alters Microglial Polarization after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes microglial activation and related neurotoxicity that contributes to chronic neurodegeneration and loss of neurological function. Selective activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) by the orthosteric agonist (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG), is neuroprotective in experimental models of TBI, and has potent anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. However, the therapeutic potential of CHPG is limited due to its relatively weak potency and brain permeability. Highly potent, selective and brain penetrant mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been developed and show promise as therapeutic agents. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of a novel mGluR5 PAM, VU0360172, after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. Vehicle, VU0360172, or VU0360172 plus mGluR5 antagonist (MTEP), were administered systemically to CCI mice at 3 h post-injury; lesion volume, hippocampal neurodegeneration, microglial activation, and functional recovery were assessed through 28 days post-injury. Anti-inflammatory effects of VU0360172 were also examined in vitro using BV2 and primary microglia. VU0360172 treatment significantly reduced the lesion, attenuated hippocampal neurodegeneration, and improved motor function recovery after CCI. Effects were mediated by mGluR5 as co-administration of MTEP blocked the protective effects of VU0360172. VU0360172 significantly reduced CD68 and NOX2 expression in activated microglia in the cortex at 28 days post-injury, and also suppressed pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in BV2 and primary microglia. In addition, VU0360172 treatment shifted the balance between M1/M2 microglial activation states towards an M2 pro-repair phenotype. This study demonstrates that VU0360172 confers neuroprotection after experimental TBI, and suggests that mGluR5 PAMs may be promising therapeutic agents for head injury.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0298-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Acrylamide exposure impairs blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier function

Previous studies show that chronic acrylamide exposure leads to central and peripheral neu- ropathy. However, the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, we examined the permeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and its ability to secrete transthyretin and transport leptin of rats exposed to acrylamide for 7, 14, 21 or 28 days. Transthyretin levels in cerebrospinal fluid began to decline on day 7 after acrylamide exposure. The sodium fluorescein level in cerebrospinal fluid was increased on day 14 after exposure. Evans blue concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was increased and the cerebrospinal fluid/serum leptin ratio was decreased on days 21 and 28 after exposure. In comparison, the cerebrospinal fluid/serum albumin ratio was increased on day 28 after exposure. Our findings show that acrylamide exposure damages the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and impairs secretory and transport functions. These changes may underlie acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity.     

Long-Term Lithium Treatment Reduces Glucose Metabolism in the Cerebellum and Hippocampus of Nondemented Older Adults: An [18F]FDG-PET Study

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Intraoperative 3D imaging control during subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation procedures using O-arm® technology: Experience in 15 patients

ObjectiveO-arm^® now gives us the opportunity not only to perform 2D but also 3D scans during deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedures. We present our experience with the intraoperative use of this device. Our objective was to measure the geometrical accuracy of electrode placement during surgical procedures driven under O-arm^® control.MethodsFifteen patients underwent STN-DBS. For the first 4 patients, 3D scans were performed at the end of the procedure. We calculated the accuracy of electrode positioning, i.e. the distance between final electrode positioning and the planned trajectory. For the next 11 patients, who underwent both intraoperative and final 3D scan, we also calculated the accuracy of the microelectrode positioning.ResultsAverage stimulation-induced improvement of UPDRS-III score was 52.5 ± 15%. For the first 4 patients, the mean electrode positioning accuracy was 1.46 ± 0.56 mm. For the 11 patients who underwent intraoperative 3D scan, the mean microelectrodes positioning accuracy was 1.59 ± 1.1 mm. Aberrant positioning was detected in two cases, and was analyzed by fusing 3D scan with preoperative MR images. The definite electrodes positioning accuracy was 1.05 ± 0.54 mm.ConclusionIntraoperative 3D scan is feasible, and can help us detect and correct early aberrant trajectories.