中国军人个性特征的调查分析

为了解我军不同人员的个性特征，建立军人的艾森克个性问卷（ＥＰＱ）常模，为我国军事心理学研究提供依据，采用修订的ＥＰＱ（成年）对全军１９６２２人的个性特征进行了调查，其中陆军１３２４５人，海军１２８４人，空军１５８３人，学员３５１０人。结果：军人精神病质和神经质量表分均显著低于全国常模，内外向量表分高于全国常模，效度量表分则与全国常模近似。军人个性的内外向以中间居多（５２．５％）、其余依次为外向（１９．７％）、倾向外向（１８．２％）、倾向内向（５．９％）和内向（３．７％）；情绪稳定度呈中间、稳定、倾向稳定、倾向不稳、不稳者分别占４３．９％、１９．８％、１４．９％、１１．５％和９．９％。提示军人个性有其特征，本研究结果可作为我国军人的ＥＰＱ常模。     

Life satisfaction and active coping style are important predictors of recovery from surgery

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of psychological factors on the recovery of surgical patients and to explore whether there are any psychological variables other than anxiety that have a significant influence on recovery from surgery. METHODS: The participants were 112 adult patients undergoing a variety of surgical procedures. On the day prior to surgery, the Freiburg Personality Questionnaire, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, a coping schedule and the Questionnaire of Social Support were used to measure psychological parameters including personality, anxiety, coping and social support. The quality of the surgical outcome was rated by two independent and blinded surgeons by the length of hospital stay and analgesia and sedation requirements. The ratings controlled for the diagnosis, type of operation, intraoperative complications, postoperative medical problems and health limitations independent of the surgical procedure. RESULTS: Patients who had a complicated recovery were found to have reduced life satisfaction and lower situation-specific self-control expectations. Structural equation modeling revealed direct relationships between recovery from surgery and personality dimensions with the strongest correlations to life satisfaction, extraversion and attainment orientation. CONCLUSION: The data from this study suggests that valid predictions of the course of postoperative recovery need to take into account personality and coping behaviour orientated data as well as clinical variables. No direct influence on recovery could be predicted from preoperative state anxiety, but it seems likely that state anxiety may influence coping behaviour and that it is this that appears to have a significant impact to surgical recovery.     

Resting posterior versus frontal delta/theta EEG activity is associated with extraversion and the COMT VALMET polymorphism

Recent studies suggest that resting posterior versus frontal EEG delta/theta activity (delta/theta Pz–Fz) is both sensitive to pharmacological manipulations of neural dopamine and associated with the agency facet of extraversion (i.e., a motivational disposition comprising enthusiasm, energy, assertiveness, achievement striving and social dominance). These observations suggest that posterior versus frontal resting EEG delta/theta activity may represent a useful marker for investigating the molecular genetic basis of extraversion. The present study aimed to test the novel hypothesis of an association between delta/theta Pz–Fz and a functional polymorphism of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT VAL¹⁵⁸MET) involved in dopamine catabolism. This was conducted in a large EEG data set from the Brain Resource International Database (BRID; resting EEG from N = 1093 healthy individuals, 382 of which also genotyped for COMT VAL¹⁵⁸MET). In summary, we (1) showed for the first time that the VAL allele is associated with increased delta/theta Pz–Fz; (2) replicated the association between extraversion and delta/theta Pz–Fz in a large, heterogeneous sample including both genders; and (3) documented that the VAL allele of the COMT VAL¹⁵⁸MET is associated with increased extraversion scores, as previously reported for an overlapping BRID sample. This coherent pattern of findings adds further support to the suggestion that the posterior–anterior distribution of resting EEG slow wave activity in the delta/theta range represents a useful tool for probing the dopaminergic basis of extraversion.     

更年期抑郁症患者个性特征及应付方式调查

目的探讨女性更年期抑郁症患者的人格特征及应付方式。方法选择女性更年期抑郁症患者24例为研究组,以同期健康同龄女性24例为对照组,两组分别完成艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和简易应对方式量表评定。结果EPQ测定中,研究组N分明显高于对照组(P<0.01),E分明显低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组积极应付的强度明显低于对照组(P<0.01),而消极应付强度明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论女性更年期抑郁症患者普遍存在个性和应付技能缺陷,应及时开展心理干预,帮助他们学会和掌握积极应对技能,改善消极态度和不良适应行为,有利于情绪障碍的改善及心理康复。     

教师心理健康影响因素探微

目的 从微观层面探讨归因、自我效能感、教育观念、人格因素对教师心理健康的影响。方法 使用《教师心理健康问卷》和CPSQ人格问卷》进行问卷调查。结果 能力和努力归因对教师心理健康有正向的预测作用；任务难度和运气归因对教师心理健康有负向的预测作用。工作效能和创造效能对教师心理健康都有正向的预测作用。成功教育、挫折教育和主动探索的教育观念对教师的心理健康都是正向的预测作用。神经质分数低的教师出现心理问题的几率不大；趋向于外向、开放、随和以及尽职尽责的教师，心理健康水平较高。结论 归因、自我效能感、教育观念、人格因素对教师心理健康都有程度不同的影响。     

单亲家庭子女个性特征和行为问题对照研究

目的 探索单亲家庭子女的个性特征和行为问题。方法 采用心理健康测查表（MMPI简化表）和Achenbach儿童行为量表（CBCL）,对50例单亲家庭儿童及50例完整家庭儿童进行评定。结果 研究组儿童具有抑郁、焦虑、脱离现实等性格特点,在CBCL分析中,研究组退缩、社交问题、焦虑抑郁分值显著高于对照组,其中男童更为显著。结论 单亲家庭子女存在有个性及行为缺陷,应早期进行干预。     

海口市"三级甲等医院"医务人员人格特质调查研究

目的研究试图通过对海口市三甲医院医务人员人格特质的测量与分析,在与全国常模进行对比的情况下,得出海口市三甲医院医务人员人格特质的基本描述,建立医务人员人格特质的常模,为最终科学地建立海南省医学人才人格特质考评体系奠定必要的工作基础,也为海南省医学人才的培养和利用提供一项可行性的管理模式.方法采取分层整群随机抽样方法对海口市五家三甲医院医务人员人格特质进行调查,使用国际著名的人格问卷-加利福尼亚心理调查表CPI作为工具,对海口市三甲医院医务人员人格特质进行调查.结果被调查的海口市三甲医院588名医务人员人格类型分布以Beta型为主,各型分布情况为：Alpha型171人,占29.1%,Beta型302人,占51.4%,Gamma型59人,占10.0%,Delta型56人,占9.5%;在V3自我实现水平上海口市三甲医院医务人员有较高得分,除1例处于第二水平和4例处于第三水平外,其余583例都分别处于第四至第七水平;海口市三甲医院医务人员在20个分量表的测试中,在CS、IN、EM、SC、GI、WB、CM、TO、AI、AC、IE、PY、FX等13个分量表的平均得分上明显高于全国常模组（P〈0.01）,而在DO、SY、SP、SA、SO 5个分量表平均得分上明显低于全国常模组（P〈0.01）.结论海口市三甲医院医务人员各分量表平均得分大部分高于全国常模水平,尤其是在测量成就潜能方面的3个分量表AC、AI、IE平均得分全部明显高于全国常模水平（P〈0.01）,表明海口市三甲医院医务人员较常模有更强烈的成就动机,对智力活动与知识成就有较强的追求,在工作中能更有效地发挥智能,注重办事效率,见识广博,比较适合在激励自由和个人首创精神的场所独立地开展工作,并且能够专心于别人看来较为枯燥的工作.在测量社会价值内化程度的7个分量表中有5个（SC、GI、CM、WB、TO）高于全国常模水平.     

住院与社区麻风治愈者的生活质量及个性特征调查

目的:探讨住院与社区麻风治愈者的生活质量及个性特征。方法:采用生活质量问卷、艾森克个性问卷,对广东韶关市麻风医院51例麻风治愈者及韶关市下属两个县的104例社区麻风治愈者与59例健康亲属进行调查。结果:住院组的生活质量总评(51.83±9.64)与社区组(63.40±10.84)及其亲属组(66.25±11.16)比较有显著性差异(F=28.45;P<0.01);其中,躯体功能维度、心理功能维度、社会功能维度三组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。住院组的EPQ-E分和EPQ-N分(7.71±4.43;8.94±4.68)与社区组(9.58±4.29;6.18±4.88)及其健康亲属组(11.46±3.98;6.32±5.16)比较有显著性差异(F=10.75～5.91;P<0.01)。麻风治愈者的各个生活质量维度与EPQ-E呈显著正相关(r=0.21～0.44,P<0.01);与EPQ-N呈显著负相关(r=-0.24-0.65,P<0.01)。结论:住院麻风治愈者的生活质量比社区麻风治愈者及其亲属的生活质量差,个性特征与生活质量密切相关。     

一般人群中人格维度与心身症状的相关研究

目的：探讨在健康人群中稳定的人格特点与某一时期心身症状的测量之间的关系。方法：对721名被试施测人格量表（QZPS）和SCL-90，通过回归和相关分析探讨两者之间的关系。结果：严谨、沉稳、决断、淡泊和情绪性等人格因素与SCL-90的因子分数正相关，其它人格因素则与SCL-90的因子分数负相关。控制人格因素间的相关之后，进入每个预测心身症状回归方程的人格因素分别为3-5个,其中严谨、自制、沉稳、重感情和热情的回归系数是正值，其它为负值，表明行事严谨、自我克制以及对人热情和重感情等人格特点与心身症状的出现是一致的。结论：人格维度对心身症状有一定的预测能力。