2019年内蒙古包头市细菌耐药监测

目的 监测2019年包头市11所三级医院所有临床分离菌株的构成及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床科室选择抗菌药物提供可靠依据。方法 对上述医院的临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法（KB法）或全自动药敏仪法进行药敏试验,按CLSI 2018年版 M - 100标准判读药敏结果,采用WHONET 2019软件进行数据分析。结果 2019年共收集上述医院非重复临床分离菌8 430株,其中革兰阳性菌2 278株,占比27.0%,革兰阴性菌6 152株,占比73.0%。葡萄球菌属中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA）检出率分别为65.5%和12.8%,未检出利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药菌株。粪肠球菌（EFA）对多数抗菌药物的耐药率均低于屎肠球菌（EFM）,EFA中检出2株利奈唑胺耐药菌株,EFM中检出1株替考拉宁耐药菌株、2株万古霉素耐药菌株。产超广谱β- 内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌（ECO）和ESBLs（+）克雷伯菌属菌株的检出率分别为46.0%和16.8%。耐碳青霉烯大肠埃希菌（CREC）和耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP） 的检出率分别为0.5%和1.1%,CREC对左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率为100%,远高于CRKP的29.4%。结论 本地区ECO对喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率较高,应继续做好耐药监测工作,加强抗菌药物的合理使用,预防耐药菌的产生与传播。     

头孢菌素类抗生素的耐药性比较研究

实验应用分光光度计观察了体外培养基中细菌在CPT,CTZ,β—内酰胺酶以及酶抑制剂MCIPC单独和相互作用下的生长浊度变化。①分别单用CPT(10MIC)和CTZ(15MIC)均可溶解细菌;而当加入微量酶液则可明显拮抗。②上述实验系统中同时加用MCIPC(1/16MIC)则能翻转酶对CPT和CTZ溶菌作用的拮抗而出现溶菌。③但当CPT或CTZ分别与酶在菌液中孵育10分或30分钟后,再加用等量MCIPC时仅能翻转酶对第三代头孢菌素-CTZ的拮抗,重新再现溶菌作用,而此时对第一代头孢菌素—CPT的溶菌作用则不能再现。该实验为第三代头孢菌素的非水解屏障耐药机制提供了重要依据。     

CagA阳性幽门螺杆菌感染与上胃肠道疾病关系的研究

目的探讨CagA阳性幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与上胃肠道病变的关系;并观察Hp根除治疗后血清中抗CagAIgG抗体水平的变化.方法808例因上胃肠道症状而接受胃镜检查的病人,同时作Hp检查.对Hp感染者用ELISA方法检测血清中抗CagAIgG抗体;阳性者予含质子泵抑制剂(PPI)三联疗法根除治疗.其中60例根除治疗失败病人和120例根除成功病人在Hp根除治疗结束3个月和6个月时复查血清中抗CagAIgG抗体水平.结果在不同临床疾病中,慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)、慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)、胃溃疡(GU)、十二指肠溃疡(DU)和胃癌(GC)感染Hp的病人中抗CagAIgG抗体阳性率分别为55.4%、70.5%、83.2%、90.8%、89.7%.后4组阳性率明显高于CSG组,后3组均明显高于CAG组;在不同程度的胃粘膜病变中,CSG、CAG、肠上皮化生(IM)、非典型增生(Dys)和GC感染Hp的病人中抗CagAIgG抗体的阳性率分别为43.0%、53.8%、77.6%、88.6%、89.7%.IM、Dys和GC组均明显高于CSG和CAG组;60例根除失败者在治疗前及治疗后3个月和6个月时血清中抗CagAIgG水平分别为(72±41)U/ml,(67±36)U/ml和(69±40)U/ml,治疗前后差异无显著意义,无一例转为阴性;120例根除治疗成功者治疗后3个月和6个月血清中抗CagAIgG水平平均由(69±38)U/ml分别下降至(47±30)U/ml和(32±15)U/ml,治疗后与治疗前比较差异均有显著意义,在治疗后3个月和6个月时分别有7.5%(9/120)和19.2%(23/120)的病人抗体转为阴性.结论CagA阳性的Hp可能导致更严重的上胃肠道疾病和更严重的胃粘膜病变;Hp根除治疗后血清中抗CagAIgG抗体水平明显下降,但下降较慢,不宜作为个体监测疗效的指标.     

胸腺肽对肠梗阻细菌移位的影响

目的：通过对大鼠机械性肠梗阻模型细菌移位的实验研究,了解应用胸腺肽后,大鼠肠梗阻致细菌移位的改变情况,探索减少细菌移位的可能药物。方法：雄性ＳＤ大鼠３０只,随机分为假手术组,肠梗阻组和胸腺肽组。检测肝脏和肠系膜淋巴细菌移位情况、血浆内毒素水平和进行回肠病理学检查等。结果：细胞移位率和细菌移位数水平,肠梗阻组和假手术组相比,明显升高,胸朱肽组和肠阻组相一少,血浆内毒素水平,胸腺肽组与肠梗阻组相比明显     

谷氨酰胺对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎肠道细菌移位的影响

目的 观察谷氨酰胺（ＧＬＮ）对急性坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＮＰ）大鼠肠道细菌称位的影响。方法 将实验大鼠１２０只,随机分成对照组、ＡＮＰ组及ＧＬＮ组,每组各４０只,ＡＮＰ模型采用结扎胰胆管诱发,ＧＬＮ组制作ＡＮＰ后灌入ＧＬＮ,观察３组肠粘膜组织学和ＤＮＡ含量,肠系膜淋巴结,胰腺组织细菌培养及吖啶橙标记菌实验。结果 ＡＮＰ后７２ｈ,肠粘膜出现明显损伤,ＤＮＡ含量下降,肠系膜淋巴结,胰腺组织细菌培养计数明显升     

应用替硝唑软膏治疗细胞性阴道病102例疗效观察

目的：观察替硝唑软膏对１０２例细菌性阴道病的疗效。方法：选择１９８例患者,随机分为实验组（１０２例替硝唑软膏阴道给药）和对照组（９６例口服替硝唑片）。结果：实验组和对照组症状缓解有效率分别为９８．０％、９３．３％;线索细胞阴转率为７１．５％、４４．８％,平均缓解日：４天、６天;平均治疗日：７天、１０天。两组相比差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：应用替硝唑软膏对治疗细菌性阴道病疗效显著。     

泸州某医院手术室多重耐药菌感染现状研究

目的分析某医院手术室患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染现状,找出相关因素。方法选择2020年2月至2021年1月泸州某医院手术室12619例成年患者作为研究对象,调查患者资料,进行病原菌检测和细菌药敏试验,统计手术室MDRO感染发生情况,分析MDRO感染的菌种、科室分布、耐药情况和MDRO感染发生的相关因素。结果医院手术室患者MDRO感染发生率为2.10%。MDRO感染占比较大的科室是普外科(34.28%)、骨科(23.78%)、泌尿外科(15.22%)。手术室患者MDRO感染中较常见的菌种是鲍曼不动杆菌(46.99%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(19.91%)、铜绿假单胞菌(12.04%)。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢曲松完全耐药,对氨苄青霉素、环丙沙星、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、妥布霉素耐药率超过80.00%,仅对左氧氟沙星耐药率不超过30.00%;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林完全耐药,对红霉素、氯林可霉素的耐药率超过80.00%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松、氨苄青霉素完全耐药,对头孢他啶、环丙沙星、复方新诺明耐药率超过80.00%,仅对阿米卡星耐药率不超过30.00%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,入住ICU(OR=5.943)、侵入性操作(OR=2.704)、抗菌药物使用时间长(OR=2.244)、合并糖尿病(OR=1.955)是医院手术室患者MDRO感染的影响因素。结论泸州某医院手术室患者MDRO感染发生率较高,可能受入住ICU、侵入性操作、抗菌药物使用时间长、合并糖尿病的影响。     

Nitric oxide synthase activity is inducible in rat,but not rabbit alveolar macrophages,with a concomitant reduction in arginase activity

Alveolar macrophages were obtained by broncho-alveolar lavage of isolated rat and rabbit lungs and cultured (2.5 × 10⁶ cells/dish) for 18 h in the absence or presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) alone or in combination with cytokines. Thereafter, accumulation of ³H-citrulline (NO synthase activity) and ³H-ornithine (arginase activity) were determined.During incubation of rat alveolar macrophages with ³H-arginine clear amounts of ³H-citrulline and ³H-ornithine (3.8 and 4.6% of the added ³H-arginine, respectively) were formed and most of these metabolites appeared in the incubation medium (ratios extra-/intracellular of 17 and 70 for ³H-citrulline and ³H-ornithine, respectively). When rat alveolar macrophages had been cultured with LPS the formation of ³H-citrulline was increased about 30-fold and this was accompanied by a reduction in ³H-ornithine formation of about 60%. The effects of LPS were largely attenuated by dexamethasone (10 mol/1). Inhibition of NO synthase by N^G-monomethyl-l,-arginine (l-NMMA, 100 mol/1) in LPS treated alveolar macrophages reduced the formation ³H-citrulline by more than 90% and restored the ³H-ornithine formation. After culturing in the presence of LPS the ratios extra/intracellular of ³H-citrulline and ³H-ornithine were markedly enhanced and this effect was not dexamethasone sensitive. During incubation of rabbit alveolar macrophages a marked formation of ³H-ornithine (about 5.3% of the added ³H-arginine), but no significant formation of ³H-citrulline could be detected. Pretreatment with LPS tended to enhance the formation of ³H-ornithine (by 50%) without effects on ³H-citrulline. Rabbit-interferon and/or tumor necrosis factor- present together with LPS during the culture period did not result in a significant ³H-citrulline formation. Under all conditions tested, culture media of rabbit alveolar macrophages did not contain significant amounts of nitrite (less than 0.5 nmol) whereas in culture media of untreated rat alveolar macrophages 22 nmol nitrite (per 18 h) were detected, and LPS induced a 3-fold nitrite accumulation, an effect prevented by dexamethasone.In conclusion, in rabbit alveolar macrophages NO synthase activity was not detectable and could also not be induced by LPS and different cytokines, whereas in rat alveolar macrophages NO synthase was readily inducible. Alveolar macrophages of both species showed marked arginase activity. After induction of marked NO synthase activity, ornithine formation was largely reduced possibly by concomitant inhibition of arginase and/or withdrawn of arginine from arginase.     

细菌L型的医院感染及其质粒谱分析研究

目的为了全面防止医院感染,我们对细菌Ｌ型的医院感染进行了研究。方法对医院内环境中８００份标本及医院感染患者９１８份标本分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌Ｌ型、大肠埃希氏菌Ｌ型及铜绿假单胞菌Ｌ型进行了质粒谱分析和药敏试验。结果本院环境及医院感染患者细菌Ｌ型总检出率分别为１９．０％和１６．７％。不同来源的３种细菌Ｌ型的多重耐药性无显著性差异。不同来源３种细菌Ｌ型的同源性比例均较高,分别为９０．３％、７５．０％、８４．２％。结论细菌Ｌ型医院感染患者的病原菌主要来自医院内环境     

A predictive model to estimate the risk of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants

Low risk criteria have been defined to identify febrile infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infection (SBI). Using these criteria approximately 40% of all febrile infants can be defined as being at low risk. Of the remaining infants (60%) only 10%–20% have an SBI. No adequate criteria exist to identify these infants. All infants aged 2 weeks-1 year, presenting during a 1-year-period with rectal temperature 38.0°C to the Sophia Children's Hospital were included in a prospective study. Infants with a history of prematurity, perinatal complications, known underlying disease, antibiotic treatment or vaccination during the preceding 48 h were excluded. Clinical and laboratory variables at presentation were evaluated by a multivariate logistic regression model using SBI as the dependent variable. By using likelihood ratios a predictive model was derived, providing a post test probability of SBI for every individual patient. Of the 138 infants included in the study, 33 (24%) had SBI. Logistic regression analysis defined C-reactive protein (CRP), duration of fever, a standardized clinical impression score, a history of diarrhoea and focal signs of infection as independent predictors of SBI.Conclusion CRP, duration of fever, the standardized clinical impression score, a history of diarrhoea and focal signs of infection were the independent, most powerful predictors of SBI in febrile infants, identified by logistic regression analysis. Although the predictive model is not validated for direct clinical use, it illustrates the clinical potential of the used technique. This technique offers the advantage to assess the probability of SBI in every individual infant. This probability will form the best basis for well-founded decisions in the management of the individual febrile infant.