Combined Hyperlipidemia In A Single Subject With Tetraplegia: Ineffective Risk Reduction After Atorvastatin Monotherapy

Abstract

Background/Objective: Effects of atorvastatin (Lipitor) drug monotherapy (1 0 mg daily) on fasting blood Iipid profiles and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks were examined for a single subject with C5-C6 tetraplegia. Routine fasting Iipid profiles were analyzed by standard biochemistry techniques for total cholesterol (TC) , triglycerides (TG) , low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) , and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Lipid profiles were analyzed on 3 occasions before drug therapy was initiated and 3 months after therapy commenced. The TC:HDL and LDL:HDL ratios were computed for all sampling times and used to assess pretreatment and post-treatment CVD risk.

Results: Fasting TC, TG, and LDL-C were all significantly reduced by therapy. The pretreatment HDL-C of 3 5 mg/ dl was lowered to 21 mg/ dl. As a result, the TC:HDL risk ratiowas only marginally reduced from 6 .6 to 6.4, whereas the LDL:HDL risk ratio remained unchanged by treatment.

Conclusions: In this man with tetraplegia, atorvastatin drug monotherapy rapidly lowered TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. However, the TC: HDL ratio, considered the best predictor of CVD risk, was unchanged.     

Atorvastatin is beneficial for muscle reinnervation after complete sciatic nerve section in rats

Abstract

Nerve regeneration and functional recovery are often incomplete after peripheral neurotmetic lesion. Atorvastatin has been shown to be neuroprotective after transient ischaemia or traumatic injury. The aim of this study was to establish if systemic administration of Atorvastatin could improve functional muscle reinnervation after complete sciatic nerve section. Sixteen female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. After a complete right sciatic nerve section, end-to-end microsuture repair was performed and fibrin glue was added. Three groups were studied: (1) sutures (S) + fibrin glue (F) only + saline administration for 14 days; (2) S+F+Atorvastatin administration for 14 days; and (3) uninjured nerve. Five months later, the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle were isolated to perform in vivo electrophysiological measurements. Better kinematics was observed in atorvastatin-treated rats 5 months after its administration. Indeed, a larger excursion of the hip-ankle-toe angle during walking was observed. This effect was associated with the preservation of electromyographic activity (2.91 mV vs 0.77 mV) and maximal muscle force (85.1 g vs 28.6 g) on stimulation of the proximal nerve section. Five months after a neurotmetic lesion, the recovery is incomplete when using suture and fibrin glue only. Furthermore, the systemic administration of Atorvastatin for 14 days after lesion was beneficial in improving locomotion capability associated with the re-establishment of muscle strength and EMG activity.     

疏血通联合阿托伐他汀钙在糖尿病肾病患者中的应用

目的观察疏血通联合阿托伐他汀钙治疗糖尿病肾病的临床疗效。方法将92例患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各46例,两组患者在常规治疗基础上,对照组采用疏血通注射液6mL/d静滴,4周为1个疗程;观察组在对照组的基础上加用阿托伐他汀钙20mg每晚口服1次,治疗3个月;监测BUN、Scr、24hUP、LDL-C等指标。结果治疗后和治疗前比较,对照组Scr、24hUP明显降低（P〈0.05）,观察组Scr、24hUP、LDL-C明显下降（P〈0.01）;治疗后4周及3月后,治疗组Scr、24hUP、LDL-C较对照组下降明显（P〈0.05）;两组BUN测量值在治疗前后无明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论疏血通联合阿托伐他汀治疗糖尿病肾病能有效降低血脂,减少尿蛋白,延缓其进展。     

阿托伐他汀联合替米沙坦治疗2型糖尿病肾病的疗效观察

目的：观察阿托伐他汀联合替米沙坦治疗2型糖尿病肾病的疗效。方法将收治的80例2型糖尿病肾病患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各40例,两组患者均严格执行糖尿病饮食及常规降糖药物和（或）降压药物治疗,对照组予替米沙坦80mg/d,口服,观察组同时联合阿托伐他汀20mg/d,口服,疗程4个月。比较两组患者治疗前后TG、TC、BUN、UAER、Scr值。结果观察组患者治疗后TG、TC、BUN、UAER、Scr水平较对照组降低更明显,差异具有显著性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论阿托伐他汀联合替米沙坦治疗2型糖尿病肾病能够显著改善血脂水平及肾功能,且不良反应发生率低,值得临床广泛推广和应用。     

阿托伐他汀调控PERK/eIF2α/CHOP通路减轻造影剂诱导的大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡

目的研究造影剂肾病大鼠肾脏中葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、内质网调节激酶(PERK)、真核起始因子2α(eIF2α)及C/EBP同源蛋白质(CHOP)的表达情况,探讨内质网应激在造影剂肾病发病中的作用及阿托伐他汀的干预作用。 方法60只大鼠随机分为4组：对照组、模型组和高、低剂量阿托伐他汀组(80 mg,40 mg),每组15只。分别于注射造影剂后24、48、72 h留取血清;检测各组大鼠的血清尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Scr);TUNEL法及Western印迹法测casepase-3的表达检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡;免疫组化和Western印迹法检测各组大鼠肾组织GRP78、p-eIF2α、p-PERK及CHOP的表达。 结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠BUN、Scr显著升高,细胞凋亡严重,GRP78、p-eIF2α、p-PERK及CHOP的表达均显著升高(P< 0.05);与模型组相比,高、低剂量阿托伐他汀组,BUN、Scr显著下降,凋亡指数降低,GRP78、p-eIF2α、p-PERK及CHOP的表达显著下调,但仍高于对照组,差异均达到统计学意义(P<0.05);高、低剂量阿托伐他汀组之间上述各指标差异均不显著。 结论PERK/eIF2α/CHOP通路介导的内质网应激可能参与大鼠造影剂肾病的发生发展;阿托伐他汀在造影剂诱导的肾脏损伤中发挥保护作用,这可能与其调节PERK/eIF2α/CHOP通路,从而减轻内质网应激有关。     

阿托伐他汀对心肌梗死后大鼠基质金属蛋白酶-2及微小RNA-21的作用

目的 观察阿托伐他汀对心肌梗死后大鼠基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、微小RNA(miRNA,miR)-21表达的影响.方法 选取140只Wistar大鼠建立急性心肌梗死模型,分为假手术组、对照组、阿托伐他汀低剂量组和高剂量组,进行左室重量指数、心肌胶原容积分数、miRNA-21及MMP-2 mRNA表达测定.结果 阿托伐他汀治疗组左室重量指数、心肌胶原容积分数、梗死周边区miR-21 、MMP-2 mRNA的表达均降低(P＜0.05);各组梗死周边区miR-21表达量与MMP-2 mRNA水平呈正相关(r对照组=0.611,P＜0.05;r阿托伐他汀低剂量组=0.502,P＜0.05;r阿托伐他汀低剂量组=0.541,P＜0.05).结论 阿托伐他汀能降低梗死周边区MMP-2和miR-21的表达,发挥减轻心室重构的作用.     

阿托伐他汀对脑梗死患者P-选择素、可溶性细胞间粘附因子-1、基质金属蛋白酶-9的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对脑梗死患者P-选择素、可溶性细胞间粘附因子-1(SICAM-1)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的影响。方法选择105例脑梗死患者随机分为两组,分别给予阿托伐他汀和常规治疗,采用双抗体夹心法测定P-选择素、酶联免疫法测定SICAM-1、夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定MMP-9。结果阿托伐他汀治疗组三项指标浓度明显降低(P<0.05),常规治疗组无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀有抗炎及稳定粥样斑块作用。     

Atorvastatin Transport in the Caco-2 Cell Model: Contributions of P-Glycoprotein and the Proton-Monocarboxylic Acid Co-Transporter

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanismsby which an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin (an organicacid with a pKa of 4.46), was transported in the secretory and absorptivedirections across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Methods. Caco-2 cells were grown on polycarbonate membrane insertsin 6-well Snapwell plates (Costar). The permeability of radiolabeledcompounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined using aside-by-side diffusion apparatus (NaviCyte) and an automated liquidhandler (Hamilton Microlab 2200). The apical uptake of¹⁴C-atorvastatin was also determined in Caco-2 cells. Cyclosporin A (20 M) waspresent in the uptake media to block potential P-glycoprotein-mediatedatorvastatin efflux. Results. Polarized permeation of atorvastatin was observed with thebasolateral-to-apical (B-to-A) permeability being 7-fold greater thanthe A-to-B permeability (35.6 × 10^–6 and 4.9 × 10^–6 cm/s,respectively). The secretion of atorvastatin was a saturable process with anapparent K_m of 115 M. The B-to-A permeability of atorvastatin wassignificantly reduced by cyclosporin A (10 M), verapamil (100 M),and a P-glycoprotein specific monoclonal antibody, UIC2(10 g/ml)(43%, 25%, and 13%, respectively). Furthermore, both CsA andverapamil significantly increased the A-to-B permeability of atorvastatinby 60% however, UIC2 did not affect the A-to-B permeability ofatorvastatin. CsA uncompetitively inhibited the B-to-A flux ofatorvastatin with a K_i of 5 M. In addition, atorvastatin (100 M) significantlyinhibited the B-to-A permeability of vinblastine by 61%. The apicaluptake of atorvastatin increased 10.5-fold when the apical pH decreasedfrom pH 7.4 to pH 5.5 while the pH in the basolateral side wasfixed at pH 7.4. A proton ionophore, carbonylcyanidep-trifluoro-methoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) significantly decreased atorvastatinuptake. In addition, atorvastatin uptake was significantly inhibited bybenzoic acid, nicotinic acid, and acetic acid each at 20 mM (65%,14%, and 40%, respectively). Benzoic acid competitively inhibitedatorvastatin uptake with a K_i of 14 mM. Similarly, benzoic acid,nicotinic acid, and acetic acid significantly, inhibited the A-to-Bpermeability of atorvastatin by 71%, 21%, and 66%, respectively. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that atorvastatin was secretedacross the apical surface of Caco-2 cell monolayers viaP-glycoprotein-mediated efflux and transported across the apical membrane in theabsorptive direction via a H⁺-monocarboxylic acid cotransporter(MCT). In addition, this study provided the first evidence thatnegatively charged compounds, such as atorvastatin, can be a substrate forP-glycoprotein.     

阿托伐他汀对颈动脉粥样斑块及血脂的影响

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀对颈动脉粥样斑块的消退作用及降脂疗效.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声检测出颈动脉粥样斑块形成者126例,予以阿托伐他汀20mg/d,于治疗12周及24周时,检测治疗前、后颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）及血脂变化.结果 阿托伐他汀治疗24周后,颈动脉IMT变薄（P〈0.05）,血总胆同醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低度密脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）均明显下降（P〈0.05）,但在12周时,虽然TC、LDL-C明显下降,但IMT未见明显变化.结论 中小剂量阿托伐他汀长期服用可在降低血脂的同时有效消退颈动脉粥样斑块.