医学教育环境评估量表在我国口腔医学生中应用的信度与效度分析

目的：评价医学教育环境评估量表（DREEM）在我国口腔医学生中应用的信度和效度。方法：采用DREEM量表中文版在重庆医科大学口腔医学本科生中进行问卷调查,最终对调查结果进行统计学分析,考评量表的信度和效度。其中信度采用内部一致性信度和分半信度进行分析;效度采用探索性因素分析和收敛效度进行分析。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行信度和效度检验。结果：共回收有效问卷260份。量表总的Cronbach α系数为0.936,Guttman 分半信度系数为0.816。经过探索性因子分析,提取5个因子,累积贡献率达47.071%,显示量表存在预想的连带关系和逻辑关系。量表的Spearman等级相关系数为0.447~0.556之间。结论：医学教育环境评估量表在我国口腔医学生中应用具有良好的信度和效度,可在我国口腔医学教育环境的评价中进一步推广应用。     

中文修订版护理院治疗性环境筛查量表的信效度检验

目的检验中文修订版护理院治疗性环境筛查(Therapeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Home,TESS-NH)量表信度和效度。方法通过系统的翻译、回译、德尔菲专家咨询对英文版TESS-NH量表汉化、修订,确立中文修订版TESS-NH量表的内容和条目,并进行信度和效度检验。结果中文修订版TESS-NH量表内容效度指数(CVI)平均值为0.980,折半信度为0.712,总量表Cronbach′sα系数为0.808,5个维度Cronbach′sα系数为0.716~0.770,重测信度为0.859,不同评定者间信度为0.872;各条目在所提取的相应公因子上的载荷值均大于0.5,因子分析提取的6个公因子共解释总变异的69.706%。结论中文修订版TESS-NH量表具有较好的信度和效度,可用于中国养老机构老年痴呆治疗性环境质量水平的评价和研究。     

基于医生视角下网络环境对医患关系的影响研究

通过对医生群体的问卷调查,了解医生上网习惯情况、医生与患者的网络交流沟通情况、网络环境对医生实际诊疗的影响、网络环境下新闻媒体对医生的影响以及医生群体关于网络发展对医患关系影响的综合看法。指出了目前网络环境给医患关系带来的影响：互联网成为一些医生知识信息更新与积累的源地,网络成为一些医生与患者交流互动的重要平台,医生需要应对日益增多的“网络型”患者,医生对媒体负面报道的反应性出现转变。     

Epidemiologic characteristics of resistant microorganisms present in reserves from an intensive care unit

In this study, significant contamination in the intensive care unit environment was observed (P < .004). Sampling of inanimate surfaces and equipment found vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S epidermidis, and multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii with similarities (60%-80%) to blood culture isolates.     

Multivariate Cholesky Models of Human Female Fertility Patterns in the NLSY

Substantial evidence now exists that variables measuring or correlated with human fertility outcomes have a heritable component. In this study, we define a series of age-sequenced fertility variables, and fit multivariate models to account for underlying shared genetic and environmental sources of variance. We make predictions based on a theory developed by Udry [(1996) Biosocial models of low-fertility societies. In: Casterline, JB, Lee RD, Foote KA (eds) Fertility in the United States: new patterns, new theories. The Population Council, New York] suggesting that biological/genetic motivations can be more easily realized and measured in settings in which fertility choices are available. Udry’s theory, along with principles from molecular genetics and certain tenets of life history theory, allow us to make specific predictions about biometrical patterns across age. Consistent with predictions, our results suggest that there are different sources of genetic influence on fertility variance at early compared to later ages, but that there is only one source of shared environmental influence that occurs at early ages. These patterns are suggestive of the types of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions for which we must account to better understand individual differences in fertility outcomes. Edited by John Hewitt and Wendy Slutske     

Childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure and executive function in children in the HOME Study

Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been reported to impair executive function in children, but little is known whether childhood PBDE exposures play a role. Using the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective birth cohort in the greater Cincinnati area, we investigated the association between repeated measures of PBDEs during childhood and executive function at 8 years in 208 children and whether effect modification by child sex was present. We used child serum collected at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 years to measure PBDEs. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function was completed by parents to assess executive function at 8 years. We used multiple informant models to examine childhood PBDEs during several exposure windows. Null associations were observed between early childhood PBDEs and executive function. However, we observed significant adverse associations between a 10-fold increase in concurrent concentrations of BDE-28 (β = 4.6, 95% CI 0.5, 8.7) and BDE-153 (β = 4.8, 95% CI 0.8, 8.8) with behavioral regulation. In addition, PBDEs at 8 years were significantly associated with poorer emotional and impulse control. No associations were noted between childhood PBDEs and metacognition or global executive function. However, child sex significantly modified the associations, with significantly poorer executive function among males with higher concurrent BDE-153, and null associations in females. Our study findings suggest that concurrent PBDE exposures during childhood may be associated with poorer executive function, specifically behavior regulation. Males may also be more sensitive to adverse associations of concurrent PBDEs on executive function.     

Spatial clusters of daytime sleepiness and association with nighttime noise levels in a Swiss general population (GeoHypnoLaus)

Introduction

Daytime sleepiness is highly prevalent in the general adult population and has been linked to an increased risk of workplace and vehicle accidents, lower professional performance and poorer health. Despite the established relationship between noise and daytime sleepiness, little research has explored the individual-level spatial distribution of noise-related sleep disturbances. We assessed the spatial dependence of daytime sleepiness and tested whether clusters of individuals exhibiting higher daytime sleepiness were characterized by higher nocturnal noise levels than other clusters.

Consequences of a cross slope on wheelchair handrim biomechanics

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that pushing on a cross slope leads to increased handrim loading compared with that found on a level surface. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six manual wheelchair users. INTERVENTION: Subjects pushed their own wheelchairs on a research treadmill set to level, 3 degrees , and 6 degrees cross slopes. Propulsion speed was self-selected for each cross-slope condition. Handrim biomechanics were measured for the downhill wheel, using an instrumented wheelchair wheel and a motion capture system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Speed, peak kinetics (force, rate of loading, torque), push angle, cadence, push distance, and power output were averaged over a 20-push set for each subject and each cross-slope condition. Outcomes were compared across cross slopes using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Push angle and cadence were unaffected by cross slope. A trend of decreasing self-selected speeds with increasing cross slope was not significant. There were considerable increases in the peak kinetic measures, with the axial moment increasing by a factor of 1.8 on the 6 degrees cross slope (P=.000). More pushes were required to cover the same distance when on a cross slope (P<.034). The power required for propulsion increased by a factor of 2.3 on the 6 degrees cross slope (P=.000). CONCLUSIONS: Users must push harder when on a cross slope. This increased loading is borne by the users' arms, which are at risk for overuse injuries. Exposure to biomechanic loading can be reduced by avoiding cross slopes when possible.