Hansson钉治疗股骨颈骨折的力学测试及临床分析

目的：选择一种更好的方法，提高股骨颈骨折的治疗效果。方法：应用Ｈａｎｓｏｎ钉系统，将２枚带钩无螺纹钉以上下平行方式经股骨颈置入股骨头，通过尸体骨模型进行生物力学测定并随机治疗股骨颈骨折患者３０例，临床观察随访８～２６个月。结果：Ｈａｎｓｏｎ钉生物力学性能可靠。临床观测患肢骨折愈合快、关节功能恢复好，其优率率达９３％。结论：与其它内固定相比，Ｈａｎｓｏｎ钉手术具有创伤小、操作简便、内固定牢靠、符合股骨近端的生物力学特点     

Nocturia in adults: Etiology and classification

Nocturia is one of the most bothersome of all urologic symptoms, yet even a rudimentary classification does not exist. We herein propose a classification system of nocturia based on a retrospective study. The records of 200 consecutive patients with nocturia were reviewed. Evaluation included history, micturition diary (including day, night, and 24-hr voided volume), postvoid residual urine (PVR), and videourodynamic study (VUDS). Functional bladder capacity (FBC) was determined to be the largest voided volume in a 24-hr period. The etiology of nocturia was thus classified into one of three groups: nocturnal polyuria ([NP] in which voided urine volume during the hours of sleep exceeds 35% of the 24-hr output), nocturnal detrusor overactivity ([NDO] defined as nocturia attributable to diminished bladder capacity during the hours of sleep), and mixed (NP + NDO); polyuria (24-hr urine output >2,500 cc) was classified separately. There were 129 women and 65 men ranging in age from 17 to 94 years (x = 59). Overall 13 (7%) had NP, 111 (57%) NDO, and 70 (36%) had a mixed etiology of their nocturia (both NP and NDO). Forty-five (23%) also had polyuria. These data confirm that the etiology of nocturia is multifactorial and in many instances unrelated to the underlying urologic condition. Nocturnal overproduction of urine is a significant component of nocturia in 43% of patients, most of whom will also have NDO. We believe that treatment should be directed at both conditions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 17:467–472, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Mechanics of wound healing and importance of Vacuum Assisted Closure in urology

PURPOSE: We discuss the mechanisms of wound healing and our experience with the Vacuum Assisted Closure device (Kinetic Concepts, Inc., San Antonio, Texas) for complex urogenital wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature obtained from a Medline search on wound healing, wound failure and vacuum assisted closure was reviewed. In addition, we reviewed our experience with negative pressure wound therapy. RESULTS: Wound healing is a complex interaction between the reticuloendothelial and immune systems, in addition to correctable internal and external factors. Understanding the healing process improves outcomes and decreases patient morbidity. Negative pressure wound therapy has hastened wound healing and it adds significant improvement in the arsenal of choices available. CONCLUSIONS: Vacuum Assisted Closure is a therapeutic alternative that complements surgical and medical intervention in patients with complex wounds.     

Treatment of intertrochanteric fractures in geriatric patients with a modified external fixator

Forty-two geriatric patients who had an intertrochanteric fracture were treated with a semicircular modification of the Ilizarov frame designed by Cattaneo and Catagni between January 1997 and September 2001. Twenty-five of the patients were female, 17 male. The average age of the patients was 77.5 years (range, 63-99). No intraoperative complication occurred. Deep pin-track infection was found in four patients and varus deformity was observed in two patients and shortening of less than 2 cm in 10 patients. Fixator removal was achieved in a mean time of 12 weeks (range, 10-18). No implant failure, refracture or stiffness of knee and hip joint movements was recorded. We concluded that the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of the elderly patients with our modification provides significant advantages such as minimal operative and anaesthetic risks, no blood loss, early weight-bearing, short hospitalisation time and rapid union time.     

Secondary effects of femoral instrumentation on pulmonary physiology in a standardised sheep model: what is the effect of lung contusion and reaming?

Intramedullary nailing is the treatment of choice for patients with femoral shaft fractures. However, there is an ongoing debate in multiple trauma patients with associated lung contusion when primary or secondary definitive stabilisation of the long bone fracture should be performed, as nailing is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In a standardised sheep model, this study aimed to quantify the development of acute pulmonary endothelial changes, to assess the activation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) and to observe the effects on the coagulation system associated with the reamed nailing procedure. Furthermore, the effect of coexisting lung contusion in an experimental model was evaluated. The animals were randomly assigned to one of four different groups (6 animals/group). In control groups, only a sham operation (thoracotomy) was performed, whereas in study groups, lung contusion was induced prior to femoral stabilisation either by external fixation or reamed femoral nailing. Using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) pulmonary permeability changes were quantified and PMNL activation was assessed by chemiluminescence. Additionally PMNL diapedesis and interstitial lung oedema were determined by histological analysis. All animals were sacrificed 4 h after the start of the femoral instrumentation. Without an associated lung injury, instrumentation of the femoral canal with the reamed nailing technique induced a transient increase in pulmonary permeability. In the face of an induced lung contusion, reamed femoral nailing resulted in significant increases in PMNL activation, pulmonary permeability and interstitial lung oedema, compared with external fixation. Without pulmonary contusion, reaming of the femoral canal was associated with a transient increase in pulmonary permeability. This was exacerbated in the presence of lung contusion along with increased PMNL activation. External fixation did not provoke similar changes. The findings of this study support the view that reaming of the femoral canal should be avoided in polytrauma patients with severe chest trauma as it could act as an additional stimulus for adverse outcome. Temporary external fixation appears to be a safe method for fracture stabilisation until inflammatory and coagulatory disturbances after trauma have been normalized.     

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury does not lead to acute central nervous system damage

BACKGROUND: The detrimental effects of intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) injury on secondary organs including the liver, lungs, heart, and kidney have been widely investigated in animal models. However, the effect of IIR on the central nervous system (CNS) is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of IIR on the CNS as it may be of clinical relevance to patients at high risk of neurological injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male rats underwent IIR (60 min superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 120 min reperfusion, n = 7) or sham operation (n = 6) under anesthesia. Following the procedure, the cerebral hemispheres were removed for histological assessment and measurement of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal damage, by HPLC. Blood was taken for determination of plasma S100B concentration, a measure of glial cell damage by ELISA. Data are median (range). RESULTS: Cerebral tissue from all animals from both groups was macroscopically and microscopically normal with no evidence of inflammation. NAA in brain homogenate was similar in the IIR group (0.2 [0.1-0.32] nmol/mg protein) and sham-operated group (0.19 [0.12-0.34], P = 0.83). Plasma S100B levels were higher in the IIR group compared to sham-operated animals but this difference was not statistically significant (1.13 [0.24-7.26] versus 0.55 [0.23-2.84] mug/l, P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: In this model, IIR injury did not produce histological CNS changes nor biochemical changes suggestive of neuronal damage. Further work is required to elucidate any functional effect of IIR injury on the CNS.     

Prioritization of cataract surgery: visual analogue scale versus scoring system

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate the variability of using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and to assess the feasibility of a priority-setting scoring system for prioritizing elective cataract surgery. METHODS: Consecutive cases listed for cataract surgery were prospectively recruited. Ophthalmologists listed patients to undergo early or normal surgery and were asked to rate the urgency of surgery using a VAS. Patients were then reassessed and a cataract surgery prioritization (CSP) score was calculated based on the New Zealand priority criteria for cataract surgery. Correlation coefficients between VAS and CSP scores were calculated to determine the variability among ophthalmologists in using the VAS in prioritizing surgery. Further analyses were performed to assess the potential impact of implementing the CSP system. RESULTS: A total of 326 patients were recruited. There was a positive correlation between VAS and CSP scores (Spearman rho= 0.407, P < 0.001). A high degree of variation among ophthalmologists in the use of VAS was found. Patients with poor binocular vision were not listed as early, whereas patients with poor vision in the eye listed for cataract surgery but good vision in the fellow eye were more likely to be prioritized to have early operation. These findings suggest that patients with severe impairment in binocular visual function were not adequately accounted for during cataract surgery listing. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a VAS for prioritizing cataract surgery may be suboptimal due to high subjectivity. Adoption of an objective criteria-validated priority-setting scoring system may allow better stratification of patients to ensure better service provision.     

头侧中间入路的腹腔镜直肠癌根治术

我们尝试采用头侧中间入路法以解决目前传统中间入路的一些不足。手术具体步骤包括:推开屈氏韧带处的空肠,切断该处附着的筋膜及韧带,将小肠肠袢完全推至右上腹部,显露屈氏韧带和左侧结肠系膜、腹主动脉及肠系膜下血管;从肠系膜下动脉(IMA)头侧的腹主动脉表面腹膜处打开进入左结肠后间隙,并顺势清扫IMA根部周围巴结;打开IMA尾侧的直乙结肠系膜并进入乙结肠后间隙,清扫IMA下方的周围淋巴结,并使乙结肠后间隙和左结肠后间隙贯通;显露IMA,肠系膜下静脉(IMV)和左结肠血管、乙结肠血管等相关血管,用血管夹夹闭离断相关血管根部,并可选择性的保留左结肠血管等。后续步骤同传统中间入路腹腔镜直肠癌根治术。     

Maximum principle for optimal control of anticipated forward–backward stochastic differential delayed systems with regime switching

This paper is concerned with a Pontryagin maximum principle for optimal control problem of stochastic system, which is described by an anticipated forward–backward stochastic differential delayed equation and modulated by a continuous‐time finite‐state Markov chain. We establish a necessary maximum principle and sufficient verification theorem for the optimal control by virtue of the duality method and convex analysis. To illustrate the theoretical results, we apply them to a recursive utility investment‐consumption problem, and the optimal consumption rate is derived explicitly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New results on H∞ filtering for nonlinear large‐scale systems with interconnected time‐varying delays

This paper proposes a new design method of H_∞ filtering for nonlinear large‐scale systems with interconnected time‐varying delays. The interaction terms with interval time‐varying delays are bounded by nonlinear bounding functions including all states of the subsystems. A stable linear filter is designed to ensure that the filtering error system is exponentially stable with a prescribed convergence rate. By constructing a set of improved Lyapunov functions and using generalized Jensen inequality, new delay‐dependent conditions for designing H_∞ filter are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed result. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.