307例急性髓系白血病在WHO分型标准中的探讨

目的：通过对本组病例研究，提高对WHO分型诊断标准的认识。方法：选择2004-2005年在我院确诊的307例急性髓系白血病（AML），以形态学、免疫表型、融合基因等检测进行分析探讨。结果：按WHO分型诊断标准有14例原始细胞在20％～30％之间的患者被确诊为AML。免疫表型在髓系白血病中MPO、CD13、CD33表达最强，分别为96．77％、94．67％、91．53％。对M0的诊断有特异性，CD34、CD33达99％以上。融合基因检测：AML-M2b中90％以上AML1／ETO融合基因阳性，提示t（8；21）（q22；q22）易位。AML-M3中89．28％PML／RARα融合基因阳性，提示t（15；17）（q22；q12）易位。AML-M4EO中85％的CBFβ／MYH11融合基因阳性，提示inv（16）（p13；q22）。结论：WHO分型标准综合了传统的形态学分型，加入免疫学，融合基因等检测技术，结合临床特点等信息对AML进行分型，提高了对AML的诊断符合率。与FAB相比，更具有完全性、合理性、科学性，是AML分型的发展方向。     

Elevated tryptase levels selectively cluster in myeloid neoplasms: a novel diagnostic approach and screen marker in clinical haematology

Background  Recent data suggest that tryptase, a mast cell enzyme, is expressed in neoplastic cells in myeloid leukaemias. In several of these patients, increased serum tryptase levels are detectable.
Materials and methods  We have determined serum tryptase levels in 914 patients with haematological malignancies, including myeloproliferative disorders ( n  = 156), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS, n  = 241), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML, n  = 317), systemic mastocytosis (SM, n  = 81), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ( n  = 59) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ( n  = 26). Moreover, tryptase was measured in 136 patients with non-neoplastic haematological disorders, 102 with non-haematological disorders and 164 healthy subjects.
Results  In healthy subjects, the median serum tryptase was 5·2 ng mL⁻¹. Elevated serum tryptase levels were found to cluster in myeloid neoplasm, whereas almost all patients with lymphoid neoplasms exhibited normal tryptase. Among myeloid neoplasms, elevated tryptase levels (> 15 ng mL⁻¹) were recorded in > 90% of patients with SM, 38% with AML, 34% with CML and 25% with MDS. The highest tryptase levels, often > 1000 ng mL⁻¹, were found in advanced SM and core-binding-factor leukaemias. In most patients with non-neoplastic haematological disorders and non-haematological disorders analysed in our study, tryptase levels were normal, the exception being a few patients with end-stage kidney disease and helminth infections, in whom a slightly elevated tryptase was found.
Conclusions  In summary, tryptase is a new diagnostic marker of myeloid neoplasms and a useful test in clinical haematology.     

基质细胞衍生因子在不同的急性髓系白血病细胞系的迁移、黏附和细胞凋亡中的生物学作用

本研究探讨基质细胞衍生因子（stromal cell derived factor 1，SDF-1）在急性髓系白血病（AML）细胞的迁移、黏附和细胞凋亡中的生物学作用及有关的信号转导。采用流式细胞术检测AML的细胞系KG1a、ML1、U937细胞表面标记物的表达；以免疫荧光技术检测SDF-1对肿瘤细胞膜表面分子的影响；通过微孔细胞转移实验检测SDF-1对AML细胞的趋化作用及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（P13K）在趋化过程中的作用；用蛋白免疫印记技术检测P13K信号途径有关的细胞凋亡分子BCL—XL在SDF-1活化此途径后的变化。结果表明：3种AML细胞系不同程度表达CD34（KG1a=95．6％、ML1=4．6％、U937=4．8％）、CD45（KG1a=98．3％、U937=97．5％、NIL1=17．8％）、CXCR4（ML1=85．4％、U937=43.6％、KG1a=3．8％）、ICAM（KG1a=75．8％、U937=41．8％、ML1：46.3％）。SDF-1能促进CXCR4高表达的ML1和U937细胞在基质细胞的黏附并能够诱导此类细胞的迁移，上述作用被G蛋白抑制剂pertussistoxin（PTX）、P13K抑制剂渥曼青霉素（wortmannin）明显抑制；而对CXCR4低表达的KG1a细胞则无上述作用。SDF通过此途径还促进肿瘤细胞存活；此作用同样可被P13K抑制剂明显抑制，加用wortman—nin后促肿瘤细胞调亡显著增加。蛋白免疫印记检测phospho—AKT、BCL—XL显示，在SDF组明显增强，加用PTX、wortmannin组则减弱。结论：SDF-1能触发CXCR4高表达的ML1和U937细胞的极化形态的建立及诱导黏附分子的重新分布，从而通过P13K信号途径促进此类AML细胞的迁移，减少肿瘤细胞的调亡，而对CXCR4低表达的KG1a细胞则无上述作用。上述作用可以被P13K信号途径阻断剂和G蛋白抑制剂所阻断。     

AML1-ETO 真核表达载体的构建及对 U937细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的 构建pcDNA3.1-AML1-ETO真核表达载体,并观察AML1-ETO融合蛋白在U937细胞内的表达并检测其对细胞增殖与分化的影响.方法 以原核表达载体pCMV5-AML1-ETO为模板扩增AML1-ETO目的 片段,将该基因重组于pcDNA3.1/V5-His-TOPO真核表达载体上,用脂质体转染技术将其导入 U937细胞,经G418筛选获得稳定转染的克隆,PCR检测AML1-ETO基因的整合,RT-PCR及 Western blot检测AML1-ETO mRNA和蛋白的表达,用锥虫蓝拒染人工计数法观察细胞增殖活性,流式细胞术检测髓系分化抗原表达的变化,瑞特染色法观察细胞形态改变.结果 pcDNA3.1-AML1-ETO经酶切鉴定及DNA测序证实序列完全正确,筛选出AML1-ETO基因高表达的亚克隆,证实AML1-ETO基因稳定转染到U937细胞中并得到表达;转染细胞增殖受抑(P<0.05),髓系分化抗原CD11b表达阳性率[(4.17±0.31)%]低于转染空载体和未转染对照组[(11.40±0.17)%、(11.03±0.15)%](P<0.001),形态呈低分化表现.转染细胞经TPA处理后,CD11b表达无明显变化(P>0.05).结论 成功构建pcDNA3.1-AML1-ETO表达载体,并在真核细胞中得到了正确表达,AML1-ETO 基因能抑制U937细胞的增殖与分化,为进一步研究该基因致白血病的机制奠定了基础.

Abstract：

Objective To construct a pcDNA3. 1 -AML1-ETO expression vector and investigate its effects on proliferation and differentiation of U937 leukemic cells. Methods AML1 -ETO gene was amplified by PCR from pCMV5-AML1-ETO and inserted into eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3. 1/V5-His-TOPO. The recombinant plasmid was transfected into U937 cells by Lipofectamin 2000. Individual clones selected with G418 were isolated. The integration and the expression levels of AML1-ETO in transfectants were determined by PCR, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis respectively. Trypan blue refusal staining method was used to detect the proliferation of U937 cells. Light microscope was applied to observe the morphologic changes of the cell. The expression of myeloid cell differentiation antigen was detected using flow cytometry. Results The recombinant pcDNA3. 1-AML1-ETO was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing. The highly expressing AML1-ETO subclone was established. AML1-ETO was expressed in U937 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1 -AML1-ETO. The growth of the monoclonal cells was inhibited evidently (P < 0. 05). The expression of CD11b in transfected group [(4. 17±0. 31)%] was lower than that in empty plasmid transfected group and non-transfected group [(11.40 ± 0. 17)% and (11.03 ± 0. 15) %] respectively (P < 0.001). Transfected cells displayed morphology of less differentiation. The expression level of CD11b was unchanged in transfected cells treated with TPA (P > 0. 05). Conclusion The eukaryotic expression vector for AML1ETO gene was successfully constructed and expressed in U937. AML1-ETO inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of transfected cells. It provides the basis for further study of mechanisms of AML1 -ETO in leukemogenesis.     

用逆转录酶／聚合酶链反应方法检测急性粒细胞白血病（M_（2b））AML_1－E

用筑巢式逆转录酶／聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ／ＰＣＲ）方法检测伴ｔ（８：２１）染色体易位的Ｍ＿（２ｂ）型白血病ＡＭＬ＿１－ＥＴＯ融合基因转录本，该方法具有高度敏感性，可以从１０￣４～１０￣５个正常细胞ＲＮＡ中检出１个白血病细胞，对于Ｍ＿（２ｂ）型白血病的诊断及监测是一种快速、灵敏、特异的方法。我们研究的１１例Ｍ＿（２ｂ）型白血病中有１例未检测到ＰＣＲ产物，可能与该型患者中基因重组的分子异质性有关。     

AML1-ETO融合基因在儿童急性髓系白血病中的预后评估价值

目的 评估AML1 ETO融合基因对儿童急性髓系白血病的预后作用.方法 对AML1 ETO阳性或阴性的103例急性粒细胞白血病（AML）患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线评估患儿无病生存（DFS）率和总生存（OS）率,COX回归模型评估儿童急性髓系白血病中的预后因素.结果 ①103例AML患儿均进行了双诱导方案化疗.53例AML1 ETO阳性患儿第1疗程和第2疗程的完全缓解率分别为70％和92％,远期复发9例（17％）,53例患儿的5年DFS率和OS率分别为（63.6±7.3）％和（74.5±8.9）％.50例AML1 ETO阴性患儿第1疗程和第2疗程的完全缓解率分别为72％和94％,远期复发17例（34％）,患儿的5年DFS率和OS率分别为（52.2±6.1）％和（60.7±7.3）％.AML1 ETO阳性患儿远期复发率显著低于AML1 ETO阴性患儿（P＜0.05）,5年DFS率和OS率均显著高于AML1ETO阴性患儿（P＜0.05）;②单因素分析显示AML1 ETO阳性患儿中,年龄是影响预后的独立危险因素,年龄越大出现事故或死亡的风险性越大（P＜0.05）.结论 相比较于AML1 ETO阴性的AML患儿,AML1 ETO阳性的AML患儿经治疗后,其疾病的远期复发率低,长期疗效好,并且年龄是影响其远期治疗效果的重要因素.     

High WT1 gene expression before haematopoietic stem cell transplant in children with acute myeloid leukaemia predicts poor event-free survival

WT1 gene expression has been proposed as a useful marker of minimal residual disease in leukaemia. Its utility in paediatric haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has not been studied. We studied the prognostic value of WT1 expression in peripheral blood prior to HSCT in 36 children with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Samples were obtained 2 weeks pre-transplant to determine the level of WT1 expression. WT1 expression was normalized using K562 cells as a control and a relative value of 0·5 was chosen as the cut-off point between high and low WT1 expression. The median level of pre-transplant WT1 expression in the 36 patients was 0·09 (range 0·0001–11·0), with 11patients having WT1 ≥  0·5 and 25, WT1  <   0·5. After HSCT, 76% of patients with high pre-transplant WT1 expression relapsed, in contrast to 0% of the patients with low WT1 expression. Those with high WT1 expression had significantly lower 5-year event-free survival (EFS) (18%, 95% CI 0–40%) as compared to those with low WT1 expression (68%, 95% CI 50–86%, P  = 0·007). Multivariate analysis showed that pre-transplant WT1 level is the only significant prognostic factor for the difference in EFS. Our finding suggests that elevated WT1 gene expression before HSCT in paediatric AML predicts relapse and poor long-term EFS. A larger prospective study is warranted to compare the value of high WT1 expression and other markers of minimal residue disease in predicting clinical outcomes after HSCT.     

Phase I/II study of humanized anti-CD33 antibody conjugated with calicheamicin, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: final results of Japanese multicenter cooperative study

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the tolerability, efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) in patients with relapsed and/or refractory CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients received 2-h infusions of GO twice with an interval of approximately 14 days. Tolerability was assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria Version 2.0. Samples for pharmacokinetics were taken on day 1 and day 8 of the first treatment cycle. The dose was increased stepwise and, in each cohort, patients were treated at the same dose. Forty patients, median age 58 years (range 28–68) were treated; 20 and 20 patients were enrolled to the phase I and II parts, respectively. In the phase I part, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were hepatotoxicities, and the recommended dose was established as 9 mg/m² given as two intravenous infusions separated by approximately 14 days. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that C _max and AUC were equivalent to those of non-Japanese patients. In the phase II part, complete remission was observed in 5 patients, and one patient had complete remission without platelet recovery. Four of these 6 in remission and one in the phase I are long-term survivors (alive for at least 44 months). GO is safe and effective as a single agent among Japanese CD33-positive AML patients. Remission lasted longer in a subset of patients than in non-Japanese patients in earlier studies. Further studies of this agent are warranted to establish standard therapy. S. Furusawa: deceased.