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1.
High-protein Weight-loss Diets: Are They Safe and Do They Work? A Review of the Experimental and Epidemiologic Data 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Julie Eisenstein M.D. Susan B. Roberts Ph.D. Gerard Dallal Ph.D. Edward Saltzman M.D. 《Nutrition reviews》2002,60(7):189-200
Recommendations for increased consumption of protein are among the most common approaches of popular or fad diets. This review summarizes the effects of dietary protein on satiety, energy intake, thermogenesis, and weight loss, as well as its effect on a variety of health outcomes in adults. In short-term studies, dietary protein modulates energy intake via the sensation of satiety and increases total energy expenditure by increasing the thermic effect of feeding. Whereas these effects did not contribute to weight and fat loss in those studies in which energy intake was fixed, one ad libitum study does suggest that a high-protein diet results in a greater decrease in energy intake, and therefore greater weight and fat loss. In terms of safety, there is little long-term information on the health effects of high-protein diets. From the available data, however, it is evident that the consumption of protein greater than two to three times the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance contributes to urinary calcium loss and may, in the long term, predispose to bone loss. Caution with these diets is recommended in those individuals who may be predisposed to nephrolithiasis or kidney disease, and particularly in those with diabetes mellitus. 相似文献
2.
Non‐exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) is the energy expenditure of all physical activities other than volitional sporting‐like exercise. NEAT includes all those activities that render us vibrant, unique and independent beings such as going to work, playing guitar, toe‐tapping and dancing. The factors that account for the 2000 kcal day?1 variability of NEAT can be categorized as environmental or biological. The environmental determinants of NEAT can be view using one of two models. In the egocentric model we consider a single person as the focus, e.g. ‘my job’. In the geocentric model we consider the ‘environment’ as the focus, e.g. well‐lit and safe walk ways. These models provide us with a theoretical framework to understand NEAT and how best to intervene to promote NEAT. As well as environmental effectors of NEAT, there are also biological regulatory mechanisms that enable us to account for three‐quarters of the biological variance in susceptibility and resistance to fat gain with human over‐feeding. NEAT is likely to be regulated through a central mechanism that integrates NEAT with energy intake and energy stores so that NEAT is activated with over‐feeding and suppressed with under‐feeding. In conclusion, NEAT is likely to serve as a crucial thermoregulatory switch between energy storage and dissipation that is biologically regulated and influenced, and perhaps over‐ridden, by environment. Deciphering the role of NEAT may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of obesity. 相似文献
3.
Anna M. R. Hayes Linda Tsan Alicia E. Kao Grace M. Schwartz La Dcarie-Spain Logan Tierno Lauer Molly E. Klug Lindsey A. Schier Scott E. Kanoski 《Nutrients》2022,14(22)
Children frequently consume beverages that are either sweetened with sugars (sugar-sweetened beverages; SSB) or low-calorie sweeteners (LCS). Here, we evaluated the effects of habitual early life consumption of either SSB or LCS on energy balance later during adulthood. Male and female rats were provided with chow, water, and a solution containing either SSB (sucrose), LCS (acesulfame potassium (ACE-K) or stevia), or control (no solution) during the juvenile and adolescent periods (postnatal days 26–70). SSB or LCS consumption was voluntary and restricted within the recommended federal daily limits. When subsequently maintained on a cafeteria-style junk food diet (CAF; various high-fat, high-sugar foods) during adulthood, ACE-K-exposed rats demonstrated reduced caloric consumption vs. the controls, which contributed to lower body weights in female, but not male, ACE-K rats. These discrepant intakes and body weight effects in male ACE-K rats are likely to be based on reduced gene expression of thermogenic indicators (UCP1, BMP8B) in brown adipose tissue. Female stevia-exposed rats did not differ from the controls in terms of caloric intake or body weight, yet they consumed more SSB during CAF exposure in adulthood. None of the SSB-exposed rats, neither male nor female, differed from the controls in terms of total adult caloric consumption or body weight measures. The collective results reveal that early life LCS consumption alters sugar preference, body weight, and gene expression for markers of thermogenesis during adulthood, with both sex- and sweetener-dependent effects. 相似文献
4.
Melatonin increases brown adipose tissue mass and function in Zücker diabetic fatty rats: implications for obesity control 下载免费PDF全文
Melatonin limits obesity in rodents without affecting food intake and activity, suggesting a thermogenic effect. Previously we demonstrated that melatonin browns subcutaneous fat in Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Other works pointed to melatonin as a signal that increases brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and function in rodents. However, direct proof of thermogenic properties (uncoupled mitochondria) of the newly recruited BAT in response to melatonin is still lacking. Therefore, in this work, we investigated if melatonin recruits thermogenic BAT in ZDF rats. Zücker lean (ZL) and ZDF animals were subdivided into two groups, control (C) and treated with oral melatonin (M) for 6 weeks. Mitochondrial mass, activity of citrate synthase (CS), and respiratory chain complexes I and IV were lower in C‐ZDF than in C‐ZL animals (P < .001). Melatonin treatment increased BAT weight in ZDF rats (P < .001). Also, it rose mitochondrial mass (P < .01) and activities of CS and complexes I and IV (P < .001) in both, ZDF and ZL rats. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA and protein were 50% lower in BAT from obese rats. Also, guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding was lower in ZDF than in lean rats (P < .01). Melatonin treatment of obese rats restored the expression of UCP1 and GDP binding to levels of lean rats and sensitized the thermogenic response to cold exposure. These data demonstrated that melatonin recruits thermogenic BAT in ZDF rats. This may contribute to melatonin's control of body weight and its metabolic benefits. 相似文献
5.
Pharmacotherapy of obesity 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Finer N 《Best Practice & Research: Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism》2002,16(4):717-742
The growing recognition of the health risks of obesity coupled with the difficulties in treating it successfully by lifestyle modification predicates a need for effective drug treatment. The history of drug treatment in the second half of the 20th century is, however, one of disappointment and concern over drug toxicity. However, the advances in our understanding of the mechanism of weight control, together with improved ways of evaluating anti-obesity drugs, has resulted in two effective compounds, sibutramine and orlistat, becoming available for clinical use. Sibutramine has actions on both energy intake and expenditure and had been shown to enhance weight loss and weight maintenance achieved by diet, in simple obesity as well as when accompanied by complications of diabetes or hypertension. About 50-80% of patients can achieve a >5% loss, significantly more than if patients receive the same lifestyle intervention with placebo. Orlistat, which acts peripherally to block the absorption of dietary fat, has had similar results in clinical trials; a recent study (XENDOS) has just reported results which show that the enhanced, albeit modest, weight loss achieved with orlistat delays the development of diabetes over a 4-year period. A number of other compounds are expected to complete or enter clinical trials over the next decade. There is considerable optimism that we will soon have the pharmacological tools needed to make the treatment of obesity feasible. 相似文献
6.
One of the most promising areas in the therapeutics for metabolic diseases centers around activation of the pathways of energy expenditure. Brown adipose tissue is a particularly appealing target for increasing energy expenditure, given its amazing capacity to transform chemical energy into heat. In addition to classical brown adipose tissue, the last few years have seen great advances in our understanding of inducible thermogenic adipose tissue, also referred to as beige fat. A deeper understanding of the molecular processes involved in the development and function of these cell types may lead to new therapeutics for obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. 相似文献
7.
In recent years, the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a principal site of insulin action. This notion is supported by studies in animals relying on intracerebroventricular insulin infusion and by experiments in humans that make use of the intranasal pathway of insulin administration to the brain. Employing neurobehavioural and metabolic measurements as well as functional imaging techniques, these studies have provided insight into a broad range of central and peripheral effects of brain insulin. The present review focuses on CNS effects of insulin administered via the intranasal route on cognition, in particular memory function, and whole-body energy homeostasis including glucose metabolism. Furthermore, evidence is reviewed that suggests a pathophysiological role of impaired brain insulin signaling in obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are hallmarked by peripheral and possibly central nervous insulin resistance, as well as in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease where CNS insulin resistance might contribute to cognitive dysfunction. 相似文献
8.
Rose Crossin Andrew J. Lawrence Zane B. Andrews Jhodie R. Duncan 《Addiction Research & Theory》2019,27(2):76-84
Background: Substance abuse can cause a range of harmful secondary health consequences, including body weight changes. These remain poorly understood but can lead to metabolic disorders including obesity and diabetes. Energy balance is a function of the equation: energy balance?=?energy intake – energy expenditure; an imbalance to this equation results in body weight changes. Currently, in the clinical setting, changes to food intake (energy intake) are considered as the primary mediator of body weight changes related to substance abuse, reflected in the current treatment focus on nutritional intervention. The influence of substance abuse on energy expenditure receives less attention. The aim of this think-piece is to consider potential causes of body weight changes during active substance abuse and abstinence, by focussing on the components of the energy balance equation.Methods: We discuss both human and animal studies on the effects of substance abuse on energy balance, with particular focus on animal models utilising pair-feeding, which enable investigation of energy balance whilst controlling for the effects of altered food intake.Results: We demonstrate that whilst some drugs of abuse affect food intake, this effect is inconsistent. Furthermore, body weight changes do not match food intake changes.Conclusion: We provide evidence that drugs of abuse can affect both energy intake and energy expenditure; contributing to the observed body weight changes. This think-piece highlights that treatment strategies for body weight changes related to substance abuse cannot focus solely on nutritional interventions, but should consider the impact of broader disruptions to energy balance. 相似文献
9.
Metabolic rate, thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity, and body composition were followed in ageing rats (female BN/BiRij) at 3 to 35.5 months of age. Colonic temperatures were similar in rats at 3 to 23 months of age (37.1–37.6°C), but significantly reduced (36.3°C) in those aged 36 months. Resting oxygen consumption (VO2), corrected for body size, was comparable in all groups, but the thermogenic response to noradrenaline was significantly reduced with age. BAT mass was unaffected by age, but brown fat protein content, specific mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity and thermogenic activity (assessed from mitochondrial purine nucleotide binding) all declined markedly with age.
Carcass analysis revealed a fall in body protein in very old (35.5 month) rats, but body fat content increased up to 23 months of age and thereafter declined. 相似文献
10.
The cold-induced enhancement of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), involving brown-adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism, could participate to impair energy balance in the aged gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). We first investigated the age-related modulations of cold-stimulated BAT cell morphology and contents. Then, NST was pharmacologically stimulated to assess whether aging impaired NST activation in the mouse lemur. 相似文献