海口市烟草流行状况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解和掌握海口市烟草流行状况,为有针对性地开展控烟干预提供依据。方法 采用分层多阶段整群抽样法,抽取海口市15岁以上常住居民作为调查对象。采用入户,由调查员使用掌上电脑面对面询问的方式开展调查。结果 海口市15岁以上常住居民现在吸烟率为21.76%,不同地区之间现在吸烟率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。不同性别、城乡、年龄、文化程度及职业人群之间现在吸烟率差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;进行多因素Logistics回归分析显示,海口市15岁以上常住居民现在吸烟率的主要影响因素是男性、25~<45岁人群、初中文化、高中/中专文化、农林牧渔水利业生产人员、企业商业服务业工作人员以及未就业人员;海口市市民对电子烟的知晓率和使用率相对较低（分别为22.36%和0.72%）。非吸烟者一周中暴露于二手烟的比率是67.41%。结论 海口市现在吸烟率低于全国、全省平均水平,但部分群体吸烟率仍然较高,开展控烟干预应侧重吸烟率较高群体;海口市二手烟暴露较为严重,应加强公共交通工具、公共场所和工作场所的控烟工作。     

Seasonality in human semen quality of smokers and non-smokers： effect of temperature

Aim: To analyse the possible effect of seasonal variation on semen parameters. Methods: The participants consisted of 1688 men attending the andrology laboratory between 1991 and 1997 for reduced fertility in the couple. Semen analysis was performed according to the WHO manual. The 84 individual months of the study period were each assigned to one of the three groups according to the average monthly outside temperature; Group A (temperature <4.4℃), Group B (4.4℃-13.3℃) and Group C (>13.3℃). Results: When comparing the different sperm parameters, the morphology was significantly better in Group C. However, when the smokers were analysed separately, this difference disappeared and significant seasonal variations were found in sperm density, total sperm count, motility and total motile sperm; they were deteriorated in the warmer season. In non-smokers, no such negative effect of increased temperature was observed. Conclusion: Sperm quality is influenced by seasonal factors. Increased environmental tempe     

Effects of cigarette smoking on iodine 123 N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine clearance from the lung

Iodine 123 N-isopropyl p-iodoamphetamine (¹²³I-IMP), originally developed as a brain scanning agent, is also taken up by the lung. To evaluate the effects of cigarette smoking on the kinetics of IMP in the lung, we studied ¹²³I-IMP clearance from the lung in 18 volunteers (8 non-smokers and 10 smokers). After the injection of 111 MBq of ¹²³I-IMP into the medial cubital vein, the time-activity curve for 60 min and the regional activity using 1 frame per minute and a 64 × 64 matrix were obtained. The ¹²³I-IMP clearance curve was described as follows: C (t) = A ₁e^–k ₁ t+ A ₂e^–k ₂ t (A1, A ₂: intercepts, and k ₁, k ₂: slopes of the exponential components). ¹²³I-IMP clearance was delayed in smokers, and k ₂ was smaller in smokers. Also, a correlation between k ₁, k ₂, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day was found (r = –0.65, r = –0.74, respectively, P<0.01). In conclusion, this study suggests that the delayed clearance and retention of ¹²³I-IMP in the lung indicate lung metabolic disorders due to cigarette smoking.Offprint requests to: K. Kato     

Epidemiology of classical risk factors in stroke patients in the Middle East

The Middle East (ME) is an ethnically and economically diverse region. A systematic review of all stroke studies conducted in the ME was carried out, with the aim of determining the prevalence of classic vascular risk factors (CRFs) across this region. Additionally, the prevalence of CRFs in the ME was compared to that of a US cohort. Prospective and retrospective ME stroke studies published from 1994 to 2014 were searched for that specifically reported on the prevalence of CRFs. The Z test for proportions was used to determine the significance of differences in CRF rates between the ME and non‐ME studies. A total of 21 724 stroke patients from 13 nations in the ME were included. The prevalence rates for CRFs in the ME stroke population were hypertension, 62.1%; diabetes, 33.1%; dyslipidaemia, 36.8%; ischaemic heart disease, 24.6%; smoking, 19.3%; and atrial fibrillation, 13.6%. Compared to the US cohort, ME patients had a lower prevalence of all CRFs except diabetes (P < 0.0001) and smoking (P = 0.05). Compared with stroke patients in the USA, those in the ME have a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes and smoking. Education and lifestyle modification is perhaps the most effective strategy in reducing the risk of stroke in this population.     

武警某部战士吸烟情况调查及分析

目的 了解武警某部战士吸烟现状及对吸烟的相关认知、态度及行为倾向,为有针对性地开展部队控烟工作提供参考.方法 利用自行设计的吸烟问卷调查表,调查武警某部260名集训新兵及217名老兵的吸烟现状及对吸烟的危害认知、态度及行为倾向,并分析它们之间的关系.结果 战士总体吸烟率为37.32％(178/477),老兵吸烟率62....     

香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性功能影响的实验研究

目的:研究香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性功能的影响。方法:30只SD雄性大鼠随机均分为两组,吸烟组制备大鼠吸烟模型,使用市售红金龙过滤咀香烟(每支焦油含量13mg),吸烟组每日使其被动吸烟4次,每次两支,每次30min持续60d;对照组正常饲养。实验结束前1周两组动物笼中分别放入5只雌性大鼠,采用24h监控录像监测观察骑跨动作1周,60d后处死取标本。测定大鼠血中睾酮水平及阴茎海绵体组织一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性,行阴茎海绵体组织的Masson染色图像分析。结果:吸烟组大鼠骑跨动作次数减少,血中睾酮水平明显降低(P<0.05),阴茎海绵体组织NOS活性及平滑肌面积显著降低(P<0.05),胶原纤维明显增加,海绵窦血管腔有明显变化。结论:吸烟组大鼠阴茎勃起功能受到明显影响,睾酮水平降低及阴茎海绵体组织NOS活性降低、阴茎海绵体平滑肌面积的减少可能是其重要的发病机制。     

吸烟对大鼠生精细胞发育影响的研究

目的:探讨吸烟对大鼠生精细胞发育的影响。方法:自制吸烟机将大鼠制成被动吸烟模型,大鼠随机分成被动吸烟组(A、B组各10只)及相应对照组(C、D组各10只),A、B组被动吸烟8周,随后处死A组及相应对照组C组大鼠;B组停止被动吸烟后与其相应对照组D组继续观察48 d后处死。流式细胞术(FCM)检测各组大鼠生精细胞周期,放免法测定血睾酮(T)、黄体生成素(LH)水平,HE染色观察睾丸组织结构变化,透射电镜观察睾丸超微结构改变。结果:与C组比较,A组大鼠精子、精子细胞[(18.76±3.58)%]和初级精母细胞[(5.71±1.18)%]明显减少(P均<0.01),而精原细胞[(55.98±5.35)%]增加(P<0.01),增殖指数降低(P<0.01)。A组大鼠生精小管壁变薄,层次减少,生精小管内精原细胞减少,精母细胞固缩。间质细胞内质网扩张脱颗粒,高尔基复合体减少,支持细胞脂滴和溶酶体增多。A组大鼠T、LH水平低于C组(P均<0.01)。B组大鼠停止被动吸烟后,精子、精子细胞、初级精母细胞比例和增殖指数上升,T、LH水平升高,但仍低于D组。结论:吸烟导致大鼠睾丸生精上皮损伤及间质细胞和支持细胞受损,同时伴有T和LH水平的下降,延缓生精细胞增殖,停止吸烟后生精功能有逐渐恢复的趋势。     

The Role of Smoking in Breast Cancer Development: An Analysis of a Mayo Clinic Cohort

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive value of smoking history on breast cancer diagnosis in a referral clinic population. We conducted a case–control study using clinical data collected on 8,097 female patients (1,225 breast cancer cases and 6,872 controls) seen in the Mayo Clinic Breast Clinic between August 1, 1993 and November 31, 2003. Breast cancer patients and noncancer patients significantly differed with respect to age at time of the index visit (p < 0.001), number of pregnancies (p = 0.006), number of live births (p = 0.002), vital status at last known follow-up (p < 0.001), current menstruation (p < 0.001), age at menopause (p < 0.001), history of hysterectomy (p < 0.001), use of oral contraception (p = 0.05), duration of oral contraception use (p = 0.001), use of other exogenous hormones (p < 0.001), duration of exogenous hormone use (p = 0.05), breast pain at time of index visit (p = 0.002), smoking status (p < 0.001), and use of five or more alcoholic beverages per week (p = 0.002). After adjustment for these baseline characteristics, having a personal history of smoking was found to be predictive of breast cancer diagnosis (odds ratios [OR] = 1.25, p = 0.004). Other positive predictors for breast cancer diagnosis were: age (OR = 1.02, p < 0.001), history of hysterectomy (OR = 0.66, p < 0.001), prior use of oral contraception for more than 11 years (OR = 2.10, p < 0.001), and prior use of other exogenous hormones/estrogen (OR = 1.81, p < 0.001). In this referral practice having a personal history of smoking is predictive of breast cancer diagnosis. Further studies are needed to further explore this relationship.     

南京地区人群CYP2E1基因多态性及吸烟、饮酒与前列腺癌易感性

目的:探讨Ⅰ相代谢酶细胞色素P450 2E1(CYP2E1)基因RsaⅠ和PstⅠ位点多态性及吸烟、饮酒习惯与前列腺癌(PCa)发病风险的关系,并探讨基因与生活习惯在PCa发病中的联合作用。方法:采用PCR-RFLP技术检测109例原发性PCa患者及202例年龄匹配的男性非肿瘤患者外周血CYP2E1基因RsaⅠ和PstⅠ多态位点的基因型。结果:深吸烟(OR=2.29,95%CI:1.28～4.09)、重度吸烟史(OR=1.81,95%CI:1.02～3.22)等生活习惯为PCa易感因素。CYP2E1 C1/C1基因型与PCa易感性有显著相关(OR=1.71,95%CI:1.04～2.82),且与饮酒的联合作用明显与PCa易感性相关(OR=2.21,95%CI:1.06～4.59)。重度吸烟人群中,携带CYP2E1易感基因型(C1/C1)与不吸烟且携带非易感基因型(C1/C2或C2/C2)个体相比PCa的发病风险显著增高(OR=2.80,95%CI:1.20～6.56)。结论:携带CYP2E1易感基因型(C1/C1)并有烟酒嗜好者PCa的发病风险显著增高,且与烟草的暴露呈显著剂量反应关系。