吸烟量与冠心病关系的病例对照研究

目的 确定吸烟量与冠心病的关系。方法 355例冠状动脉造影的患者（A组，无冠心病患者142例；B组，冠心病患者213例），以性别，年龄，体重指数，空腹血糖，总胆固醇，甘油三酯，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，纤维蛋白原，吸烟量等级，冠心病家族史，高血压病等多重危险因素以及冠状动脉严重程度评分进行多变量分析。结果 单因素分析，冠心病的OR值95％可信区间（CI）：吸烟与不吸烟比较为1．629－2．598，P＜0．05；吸烟3级时与不吸烟比较为1．260－3．907，P＜0．01。多元logistic回归分析显示：吸烟等级，性别，纤维蛋白原，空腹血糖与冠心病相关，年龄与冠心病基本，各吸烟级别分别进行多元logistic回归分析显示：与不吸烟组比较，吸烟1级时与冠心病无关（OR＝0．948，P＝0．959），吸烟3级的冠心病风险OR为3．519（P＝0．003，95％CI：1．538－8．053）；吸烟2级以上（2＋3级）与2级以下（0＋1）比较，OR为2．094（P＋0．027），3级与3级以下（0＋1＋2）比较OR为3．463（P＝0．002）。以上病例分为3组；对照组，稳定型心绞痛组和不稳定型心绞痛组。用多维logistic回归分析显示，与不稳定型心绞痛比较，稳定型心绞痛组吸烟对患不稳定型心绞痛的风险OR为0．803（P＝0．112）。结论 吸烟与冠心病独立相关，吸烟量越大，年限越长冠心病的相对危险度越高。吸烟级别与不稳定型心绞痛无独立相关，此外，年龄，性别，纤维蛋白原，空腹血糖与冠心病独立相关。     

祖父母哮喘史与被动吸烟对儿童哮喘的影响效应

目的 探讨祖父母哮喘史与被动吸烟的交互作用对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响。方法 采用整群随机抽样法在辽宁省7个城市各抽取1所小学和2所幼儿园, 对所选学校所有在此居住时间≥2年且与祖父母居住时间≥3年的儿童的祖父母哮喘史、居住环境、被动吸烟等情况及呼吸系统疾病与症状的信息进行收集。采用Glimmix回归模型分析祖父母哮喘史与被动吸烟的交互作用对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状(持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、喘鸣现患、过敏性鼻炎)的影响。结果 在调查的3 576名儿童中, 年龄为(8.11±2.87)岁, 祖父母有哮喘史的儿童有224名, 祖父母哮喘史率为6.26%;被动吸烟的儿童有970名, 被动吸烟率为27.13%。祖父母有哮喘史的儿童咳嗽、喘鸣现患和哮喘阳性率分别为16.07%(336/224), 14.29%(32/224)和13.39%(30/224), 祖父母无哮喘史的儿童为10.32%(346/3 352), 5.91%(198/3 352)和5.61%(188/3 352), 祖父母有哮喘史儿童发生咳嗽(OR=1.66, 95%CI:1.15～2.42)、喘鸣现患(OR=2.65, 95%CI:1.78～3.96)和哮喘(OR=2.60, 95%CI:1.72～3.93)的危险性较高。祖父母吸烟的儿童咳嗽和咳痰的阳性率分别为14.02%(136/970)和6.19%(60/970), 祖父母吸烟的儿童发生咳嗽(OR=1.56, 95%CI:1.25～1.96)和咳痰(OR=1.57, 95%CI:1.13～2.18)的危险性较高。Glimmix回归模型分析显示, 祖父母有哮喘史与被动吸烟对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状存在交互影响:在儿童被动吸烟暴露下, 祖父母有哮喘史的儿童发生咳痰的危险性高于祖父母无哮喘史儿童(P<0.05)。结论 祖父母有哮喘史使被动吸烟的儿童发生哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险性升高。     

Daily consumption of apple,pear and orange juice differently affects plasma lipids and antioxidant capacity of smoking and non-smoking adults

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse correlation between a fruit and vegetable-rich diet and cardiovascular diseases; this beneficial effect of fruits and vegetables is probably due to the presence of antioxidant phytochemicals. In contrast, cigarette smoking is a high risk factor for lung and heart diseases, associated with chronic oxidative stress. In the present study, the effect of the consumption of a pear, an apple and 200 ml orange juice, during 26 days, on total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid profile of chronic smokers and non-smoking healthy adults was analyzed. Fruit consumption increased TAC in non-smokers, but not in smokers. In non-smokers, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased significantly; while in smokers, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased. We may conclude fruit/juice supplementation showed different effects, depending on the smoking habit: in non-smokers it increased TAC and cholesterol; in smokers it reduced cholesterol, whithout inducing a TAC increase.     

Mood,Dietary Restraint,and Women's Smoking and Eating Urges

Women may have difficulty maintaining smoking cessation efforts due to negative affect and fear of weight gain. Dieting smokers who rely on cigarettes for affect regulation and weight management may be especially prone to weight gain and smoking relapse following initial smoking abstinence. The present study, which included 82 women smokers, assessed the relationship between dieting status, self-efficacy, and temptation to smoke and eat following a depressing or elating mood induction. Women with high levels of dietary restraint (i.e., more dieting behavior) had more confidence in their ability to refrain from smoking when in the elated mood condition, and they were more tempted to smoke when in the depressed condition. At low levels of dietary restraint (i.e., less dieting behavior), depressed or elated mood condition appeared to have little impact on women's confidence to refrain from smoking or their temptation to smoke. Dieting status seems to moderate the impact of positive and negative mood states, especially with respect to women's smoking behavior. These findings may have implications for dieters who are trying to quit smoking and also maintain their weight.     

The Associations between Smoking,Physical Inactivity,Obesity, and Asthma Severity in the General US Population

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and asthma severity among US adults. The magnitude of these associations was very strong. For example, those who visited an emergency room in the past year were 60% more likely than those who did not to smoke; those who used an inhaler ≥15 times in the past month (versus those who did not use an inhaler) were 90% more likely to be physically inactive; and those who had asthma symptoms all the time in the past 30 days (versus those with no symptoms) were 80% more likely to be obese.     

Household Smoking and Childhood Asthma in the United States: A State-Level Analysis

Background. The reason for the substantial geographic variation in the prevalence of childhood asthma is not known. Objective. To investigate the association between exposure to cigarette smoking in the home and childhood asthma at the state-level, toward improving current understanding of geographic variation in childhood asthma rates. Methods. Data were drawn from the National Children's Health Survey (NCHS, 2003), a representative sample (n = 102, 000) of youth 0 to 17 years of age in the United States. Household smoking and asthma in children were reported by parents. Air quality for each state was obtained from Environmental Protection Act (EPA) reports, and state-level poverty reports were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture. Results. Household smoking was associated with a statistically significant increase in risk of asthma among children at the state level (p = 0.026). This association did not appear to be influenced by outdoor air quality at the state level or socioeconomic position. Conclusions. These results are the first to show a link between cigarette smoking in the home and childhood asthma at a state-level in the United States.     

Smoking Cessation Programs for Seniors:A Group Model That Works

We describe an intensive group program for older adults, facilitated by a tobacco cessation specialist and a geriatric social worker, designed to focus on factors that maintain smoking behavior. Integral components dealt with issues specific to the older adult such as social isolation or economic need. Pharmacological therapy was provided. Participants with a mean age of 67 years who smoked an average of 19 cigarettes per day completed the program. Sixty-six percent of participants had been treated or were in treatment for depression and/or anxiety. Follow-up was completed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. The cessation rate across follow-up points was 68%. This program shows that older adults can maintain smoking cessation when provided with programs designed to address their issues.