Is a friend truly a treasure? Evolution of friendship competence from pre-school up to the last year of primary school

A Friend is truly a treasure, in accordance with age and competence’s qualitative changes. The aim of this study was to con?rm the increase in friendship competence and its multifactorial nature in 3- up to 10-year-old children, and to verify gender differences, and parenting in?uences on the concept of friendship. A semi-structured interview was administered in a natural context to 3- to 10-year-old children (N?=?167; Mean?=?7.6 years; SD?=?2.16). According to Selman’s Model, the coding provides ?ve sub-categories: (1) friendship; (2) social perspective taking; (3) emotions understanding; (4) social interaction strategies; and (5) aggressiveness. Three parental style questionnaires were administered to parents. Results point up an increase in social skills according to age. The Friendship Interview turned out to be a reliable tool able to investigate how the concept of friendship is also structured in preschool children.     

试论医院药师的业务标准

作者依据医药卫生事业发展对药学人员的要求，在调查了80家综合医院药师工作现状的基础上，提出了药师在调剂、制剂、药品检验、药学科研、药品储存供应、药学综合知识与技能6个方面应具备的业务标准，为我国实行医院药师资格准入控制提供参考。     

Family relationships and the development of social competence in adolescence

Abstract Resilient adolescents are notable for their social competence, which enables them to form and maintain close relationships. The evidence is that adolescents' social competence is derived from their experience of close relationships within their family. On the basis of structured interviews, adolescents' working models of attachments can be categorized into secure, dismissive, or pre-occupied. These attachment styles are associated with very divergent beliefs about the self and others, with differing patterns of emotion regulation and with differing risk profiles for maladjustment. Parenting styles and family relationships appear to have considerable influence on attachment behaviour. Further evidence for the importance of the family comes from research on ego development. Family level behavioural patterns have been discerned from family research interviews which are associated with stagnation or advancement in ego development during adolescence. Though the results suggest causal connections, the direction of effects is far from clear. Longitudinal research underpins the importance of childhood temperament as a contributing factor to the quality of the family environment that the child and then adolescent experiences.     

A critical incident study in child health

The critical incident technique is an objective method of analysing doctors' professional behaviour. It extracts the skills which should be taught and assessed in any training programme. In such a study in child health, 438 incidents were collected from general practitioners, paediatricians and others, and analysed according to the problem, the disease, the setting, the skill and the attitude involved. Most of the problems concerned non-specific symptoms (e.g. 'unwell baby', 'fever') and the main skill categories (each with many subheadings) were clinical management (especially at home), the diagnostic process and interpersonal skills. Training of doctors in child health should emphasize the competencies highlighted in this study.     

加强行业管理规范人体器官移植技术

人体器官移植技术历经近半个世纪的发展历程．在上个世纪70年代我国逐步开展对肝脏、心脏和肾脏等器官移植技术的研究工作。近5年来，随着国际医学研究交流频繁，国内一些大型医疗机构加大了对器官移植技术上的投入．使人体器官移植技术发展迅猛。但同时也伴随着一些医疗费用过高、买卖供体等问题的出现。因此，如何规范人体器官移植技术．是当前的一个重要研究课题。     

Overseas Occupational Therapists in Australia: the Issue of Recognition

The Australian government established the Council on Overseas Professional Qualifications (COPQ) in 1969. In response to approaches by the occupational therapy profession, an Expert Panel in Occupational Therapy was established in 1979 in order to develop a screening examination to be used in assessing the competency of overseas trained occupational therapists. This paper describes the development of the COPQ examination for all overseas qualified occupational therapists wishing to work in Australia; the experience of candidates since its inception in 1983; and the problems associated with achieving recognition of the COPQ examination throughout Australia given the lack of uniform recognition procedures in the various States and Territories. The need for a consistent national approach to the policy of recognition and employment of overseas trained occupational therapists is addressed, with stress placed on the need for all employer groups, in both the public and the private sectors, to cooperate with COPQ's assessment procedures.     

Doctoral Education in Nursing for Practitioner Knowledge and for Academic Knowledge: The University of Adelaide, Australia

Australian nursing has undergone rapid academization in the past 10 years and this radical change has tended to meld the somewhat different academic traditions of North America and Britain. The introduction of doctoral education in nursing in 1987 has led to a massive increase in scholarly activity and to the preparation of talented leaders. We concur with the view expressed by Henry (1997), "I am convinced that the problems we face in the nursing services would be much more creatively solved if the majority of our doctoral programs prepared young, energetic nurses, early in their career, for clinical practice, not for research and teaching" (p. 162).     

Reflections and Perspectives on Pediatric Psychology: Editor's Vale Dictum

Reviews major activities of the Editor and changes in the Journalof Pediatric Psychology (JPP) for issues published in 1993 through1997. Significant trends and accomplishments are reviewed, includingthe increased use of Special Issues and Special Sections tohighlight current pediatric psychological research. Articlespublished during the term are analyzed interms of article typeand population type Comarisons are made to earlier trends inJPP publication as reported by Roberts (1 992).     

Radiographic study of osteoarthritic elbows in professional basebal pitchers

We examined radiographs of the elbows of the pitching arms of 79 professional baseball pitchers (mean age, 25.1 years; mean duration of professional career, 4.7 years) and noted the frequency and size of spurs, bone fragments, and intra-articular loose bodies according to site. The influence of duration of professional baseball career on these osteoarthritic changes was also investigated. The olecranon tip was the most frequent site of spurs (62/79; 78.5%), and fragmentation of the spur was detected in 17 joints. The frequency of spurs was also high at the medial margin of the olecranon, the tip of the coronoid process, the medial margin of the sigmoid notch, the medial margin of the trochlea and the olecranon fossa. In 38 subjects, spurs were observed at the distal portion of the radial notch of the ulna. However, few pitchers had osteoarthritic changes in the humeral capitellum or radial head. Intra-articular loose bodies were detected in 4 of 79 joints (5.1%), and bone fragments were present below the medial humeral epicondyle in 25 of 79 joints (31.6%). Osteoarthritic changes in the elbow joint appeared to be attributable mainly to traction stress and impingement associated with extension and valgus strain. Significant osteoarthritic changes were often found in professional pitchers whose careers exceeded 5 years.