升麻解毒药对在方剂中的作用

文章就升麻的解毒功效及其药对组合在方剂配伍中的作用,结合本草文献、实验研究和临床经验进行了论述。总结出升麻的解毒作用主要有解时疫疠毒、解疮疡斑疹肿毒、解虫毒和解药毒4个方面。并分别阐述了升麻配玄参、配生地黄、配大青、配黄连、配石膏、配虎杖、配鳖甲、配金银花和连翘、配甘草、配牛蒡子、配马蔺子、配射干、配牛蒡子和桔梗、配葛根、配黄芩、配黄柏、配芍药的意义。     

英美两国卫生改革的比较与启示

介绍了英美两国的卫生体系,它们曾经分别处于卫生系统的两个极端:前者是政府包办,后者是市场主导。近几年,它们各自通过了革命性的卫生法案,开启了新的卫生改革。英国改革的主要思想是在政府主导的基础上放权、专业化、去行政化;美国改革的主要思想是在私有成分占主流的基础上加强政府对医疗保险的规制,扩大医保覆盖面,保障卫生服务公平性。阐述了不同的卫生改革使两国都走向政府主导下多元合作的卫生系统,并由此提出对中国的启示。     

重庆市某医联体医患双方对双向转诊认知的调查研究

背景　医疗联合体（以下简称医联体）模式是促进医疗资源合理分配、完善分级诊疗的有效途径之一。截至2018年,重庆市已经实现医联体模式全面覆盖,重庆医科大学附属第一医院医联体于2011年3月成立,经过6年多的发展,医联体取得一定成效。本研究选择该医联体为样本,研究医疗体内医患双方对双向转诊的运行情况,为完善重庆市分级诊疗格局提供政策参考。目的　调研重庆市某医联体医患双方对双向转诊的认知现状、双向转诊中存在的问题,探讨问题解决方案。方法　2017年9-11月和2017年8-10月,采用随机抽样调查分别对重庆医科大学附属第一医院医联体内共6家医疗机构的医务人员和住院患者进行问卷调查。自行设计调查问卷,问卷内容包括医务人员及患者基本信息、对双向转诊的知晓情况,医务人员双向转诊开展情况及相关因素、患者双向转诊及影响因素,医患双方对双向转诊顺畅的认可情况及对双向转诊实施的认可情况。结果　医务人员有效问卷应答率为88.3%（309/350）。288例（93.2%）医务人员对双向转诊知晓。不同职称、来源医院医务人员对双向转诊知晓情况比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在工作中有过为患者提供转诊服务经历的医务人员282例（91.3%）。有过为患者提供转诊服务经历的医务人员中双向转诊者151例（53.5%）,向上转诊诊者62例（22.0%）,向下转诊者69例（24.5%）。核心医院医务人员向下转诊患者时考虑因素主要是病情已稳定,处于康复期或恢复期;托管区县医院医务人员向上转诊患者时考虑因素主要是患者病情需要。阻碍核心医院医务人员向下转诊的因素主要是患者对基层医疗技术水平不满意。阻碍托管区县医院医务人员向下转诊的因素主要是下级医院能力不足。核心医院、托管区县医院医务人员对双向转诊顺畅的认可率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.090,P=0.764）。医务人员对双向转诊实施的认可率为57.9%（179/309）。核心医院、托管区县医院医务人员对双向转诊实施的认可情况比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.742,P<0.05）。患者有效问卷应答率为85.7%（257/300）。182例（70.8%）患者对双向转诊知晓。不同文化程度患者对双向转诊的知晓情况比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=8.555,P<0.05）。有过转诊经历的患者83例（32.3%）。促进患者向上转诊的主要因素是患者病情需要,阻碍患者向上转诊的主要因素是诊疗费用高。促进患者向下转诊的主要因素是病情已经处于康复期,没有必要继续治疗;阻碍患者向下转诊的主要因素是对基层医疗技术水平不满意。核心医院和托管区县医院患者对双向转诊顺畅的认可率分别为98.8%（79/80）和89.3%（158/177）,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.011,P=0.918）。核心医院、托管区县医院患者对双向转诊实施的认可率分别为42.5%（34/80）和33.3%（59/177）,差异无统计学意义（χ2=-1.484,P=0.138）。结论　重庆市某医联体医患双方对双向转诊的认知普遍较高,双向转诊不够顺畅,向上转诊易向下转诊难,医联体医患双方认可度低,基层医疗机构服务能力有待提高。应提高基层医疗机构服务能力,加大医联体内双向转诊指导、监管和激励力度,保障转诊顺畅。     

我国2007—2016年医联体的文献计量学研究

目的　系统评价有关我国2007—2016年医联体领域的文献,以期了解我国医联体研究现状、研究热点及发展趋势。方法　于2017-11-05至2018-05-10,以中国知网（CNKI,2007-01-01至2016-12-31）、维普网（2007-01-01至2016-12-31）、万方数据知识服务平台（2007-01-01至2016-12-31）作为数据来源,系统检索2007—2016年我国医联体研究相关的文献。采用网络分析集成软件Ucinet 6.0和二维数据分析软件Netdraw,对高频关键词进行可视化分析并绘制共词网络图,采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行描述性分析,并对高频关键词进行聚类分析并制作聚类树状图。结果　共纳入2007—2016年发表的合格文献685篇。共包含核心作者69位,发文量2篇者50位（发表100篇）,发文量≥3篇者19位（发表73篇）。我国医联体研究领域核心区期刊共有11种。词频≥7次的高频关键词37个,词频>44次的关键词6个,分别为“医疗联合体”“医院集团”“医疗集团”“双向转诊”“分级诊疗”“公立医院”。“医疗联合体”和“分级诊疗”、“医疗联合体”和“双向转诊”共现次数较高,分别为44、32次。聚类分析结果显示医联体的研究热点分别为医联体构建与分级诊疗的研究、医联体与医疗改革的研究、医联体与医疗资源的研究以及医联体与公立医院管理的研究。结论　我国2007—2016年医联体研究领域文献发文量逐步增长,目前处于学科大发展阶段,该领域暂未形成高影响力的核心作者群。该领域研究热点主要集中在医联体构建与分级诊疗的研究、医联体与医疗改革的研究、医联体与医疗资源的研究以及医联体与公立医院管理的研究4个方面。     

Perception of the risk of sexual transmission of HIV among Congolese and Japanese university students

Objective

Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most heavily affected by HIV infection. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Congolese students of risk behaviors for sexual transmission of HIV in comparison with their Japanese counterparts.

Methods

Of the 1,747 undergraduate students who participated in the survey, there were 1,326 respondents (752 Japanese, 574 Congolese) who voluntarily and fully filled out the auto-administered questionnaire.

Results

The proportion of Congolese respondents who do not always use condoms with an occasional sex partner was significantly higher, 57%, as compared with their Japanese counterparts (15%; p < 0.001). Fewer than 40% (9.9–39.7%) of Congolese respondents had accurate knowledge about multiple sex partnership (MSP), men sex with men (MSM), precocious sex, and commercial sex work (CSW) being high-risk behaviors (p < 0.001) for the sexual transmission of HIV infection. However, the proportion of Congolese tested or willing to get tested for HIV was significantly higher (97.2%) than that in the Japanese group (72.4%, p < 0.001). In Congolese students, we observed an absence of adherence to preventive measures such as condom use with an occasional sex partner, and a greater proportion of students having inaccurate knowledge of major risk behaviors such as MSM, precocious sex, and MSP, compared with their Japanese counterparts.

Conclusions

This study showed that, though sexual contact remains the main mode of HIV transmission in the region, Congolese students tend to have inaccurate knowledge of risk behaviors that expose people to the sexual transmission of HIV. This suggests that continuous education targeting those risk behaviors is of great importance to reduce the spread of the HIV epidemic.     

Parent-professional partnership: A review and discussion of issues

This paper looks at issues which affect partnership between parents and professionals in Education. Such issues relate both to the variety of terminology used, which relates to the clarity with which “partnership” is conceived, and to the different professional groups who may see themselves as stakeholders in “partnership.”     

公私合作伙伴关系的风险和风险规避

探讨了公私合作伙伴关系的风险及规避措施。     

Analysis of the Concept of Mutuality

Purpose: Mutuality is explored as an interaction style for providers and clients that encourages
Significance: Accountability by both providers and clients is necessary to manage health care Organizing Framework: Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis.
Scope: Literature from 7 930 to 1996. Mutuality is compared to autonomy, reciprocity, consumerism, negotiation, participation, collaboration, and paternalism.
Conclusions: Mutuality is shown to balance power and respect, and to promote productive provider-client communication. This interaction style for partnership relationships fosters positive and lasting health care outcomes.
Implications: Nurses are challenged to develop the skill of elicitinggive and take, and creative, m utua I exchanges.     

Reasons for non-attendance at a day hospital for people with enduring mental illness: the clients' perspective

This paper describes a research project which aimed to discover the reasons clients give for failing to attend a mental health day hospital. There was concern that this service provision, for people with enduring mental illness, had a high level of non-attendance and therefore might not be meeting the needs of the people for whom it is targeted. Over a period of 6 months 36 people failed to attend, despite assessment and apparent agreement to attend. Of the 36, 14 agreed to talk about their reasons for not attending. An open interview format was used which enabled the clients to talk in depth about their experiences, which they felt led to the decision to stop attending. Content analysis of the interview data resulted in the identification of common themes. Main findings suggest a lack of partnership in decisions on choice of therapy, particularly the emphasis on groupwork, which 86% found unhelpful. Other main factors for non-attendance were a lack of an individual approach to care, not being listened to, and a lack of warmth from the staff. Recommendations for future practice are given, with particular attention to the need to develop a partnership with clients aimed at meeting individual needs.