Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as breast masses: A series of 10 cases diagnosed on FNAC

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) is a rare disease, which comprises 0.04–0.53% of all primary malignant tumors of the breast. The most frequent histological subtype is diffuse large B‐cell type (DLBCL) (40–70%). Differentiation of PBLs from other breast tumors such as poorly differentiated carcinomas and lobular carcinoma may at times be difficult on cytomorphology alone. An audit of breast lymphomas diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) over a period of 9 years (2001–2009) was performed. Ten cases were retrieved and the cytomorphology was reviewed along with immunochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry as well as histopathology, wherever available. The age of patients ranged from 17 to 83 years. Eight cases were diagnosed as non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, high‐grade on FNAC. Histopathology was available in four of these cases and cell block was available in one case. Lymphoid cells were positive for leukocyte‐common antigen (LCA) and CD20 and negative for CD3 in these cases. The same was confirmed by flow cytometry on aspirated material in one case. A diagnosis of DLBCL was offered in these five cases. One case was a low‐grade NHL and another case was a young male, a known case of acute leukemia and had leukemic infiltration in the breast lump. We wish to emphasize the potential importance of FNAC in breast lymphoma and the same can be helpful to avoid unnecessary surgery in these cases. The differential diagnostic entities have been discussed. IHC and flow cytometry can be performed on the aspirated material and provide valuable information. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Double-hit BCL2/MYC translocations in a consecutive cohort of patients with large B-cell lymphoma - a single centre's experience

Concurrent BCL2 and MYC translocations, so called double hit (DH), are a rare finding in large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). Based on data from retrospective series, DH has been correlated with aggressive clinical behaviour and poor outcome. We conducted a consecutive study of DH incidence and correlation with pathologic and clinical characteristics, including response to Rituximab-containing chemotherapy and survival, in an unselected cohort of patients with LBCL. Translocations involving BCL2 and MYC loci were examined with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in 157 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma (BCLU). The incidence of DH was 11% in the total cohort, 7% of primary LBCL and 21% of transformed LBCL. DH lymphomas were all GCB immunophenotype and were more often BCLU. No clinical characteristics were correlated with the presence of DH, which also had no impact on overall response rate (ORR), relapse rate or overall survival (OS). However, sub-stratification of DH lymphomas by FISH indicated a possible inferior survival related to immunoglobulin MYC translocation partner gene. Screening of patients with BCLU and DLBCL of GCB type for DH BCL2/MYC translocation including MYC translocation partner gene may provide important prognostic information.     

Postsynaptic muscarinic m2 receptors at cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses of mouse brainstem motoneurons

In many brain areas, few cholinergic synapses are identified. Acetylcholine is released into the extracellular space and acts through diffuse transmission. Motoneurons, however, are contacted by numerous cholinergic terminals, indicating synaptic cholinergic transmission on them. The muscarinic m2 receptor is the major acetylcholine receptor subtype of motoneurons; therefore, we analyzed the localization of the m2 receptor in correlation with synapses by electron microscopic immunohistochemistry in the mouse trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal motor nuclei. In all nuclei, m2 receptors were localized at the membrane of motoneuronal perikarya and dendrites. The m2 receptors were concentrated at cholinergic synapses located on the perikarya and most proximal dendrites. However, m2 receptors at cholinergic synapses represented only a minority (<10%) of surface m2 receptors. The m2 receptors were also enriched at glutamatergic synapses in both motoneuronal perikarya and dendrites. A relatively large proportion (20–30%) of plasma membrane–associated m2 receptors were located at glutamatergic synapses. In conclusion, the effect of acetylcholine on motoneuron populations might be mediated through a synaptic as well as diffuse type of transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2008–2024, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

弥漫大 B 细胞淋巴瘤患者 Th17细胞及相关细胞因子水平与预后的关系

目的：探讨弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（ DLBCL）患者Th17细胞及相关细胞因子水平与预后的关系及其意义。方法将60例DLBCL患者按照国际预后指数（IPI）评分分为低中危组32例和中高危组28例,另选健康者30例作为对照组。采用流式细胞术检测各组外周血中Th17细胞比例,ELISA检测外周血相关细胞因子白细胞介素（ IL）－17、IL－21、IL－23、转化生长因子－β（ TGF－β）的表达水平,分别比较各组之间Th17细胞及相关细胞因子水平的差异,并分析其与IPI评分的相关性;分析随访的54例患者Th17细胞水平与生存率的关系。结果（1）中高危组Th17细胞、IL－17、IL－21均低于对照组和低中危组,IL－23低于对照组,TGF－β高于对照组和低中危组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。（2）DLBCL患者Th17细胞、IL－17、IL－21与IPI评分呈负相关,TGF－β与IPI评分呈正相关,相关性有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。（3）高Th17细胞者和低Th17细胞者3年生存率分别为82．1％和45．0％,Th17细胞水平对DLBCL患者生存的影响有统计学意义（P＝0．021）。结论 DLBCL患者Th17细胞及相关细胞因子水平与IPI评分密切相关,Th17细胞与IPI评分呈负相关。 Th17细胞对预后有影响,可能在DLBCL的发生发展中起着抑制作用。     

277例弥漫性实质性肺疾病住院患者死亡危险因素分析

目的 探讨277例弥漫性实质性肺疾病住院患者死亡的影响因素.方法 本院呼吸内科弥漫性实质性肺疾病(DPLD)的病例依据病因分为结缔组织疾病相关DPLD组(CTD-IP)、其他已知病因DPLD组和特发性间质性肺炎(IIPS)组,每组按预后情况分又为非死亡组和死亡组两个亚组,采用病例对照的研究方法进行风险因素回顾性分析.结果 IIPS组死亡亚组年龄平均、基础疾病患病率及CRP、ALT、AST指标高于非死亡组,CTD-IP组死亡亚组的CRP、WBC、AST指标高于非死亡组,其他病因组两亚组的病因构成提示有统计学差异,其死亡亚组CRP、PT、APTT、ALT、AST高于非死亡组.将上述各组指标进行曲线分析,AUC大于0.7指标作为死亡风险预测指标,并计算出其截断点作为最佳诊断阈值纳入多因素logistics回归分析.结果显示IIPS组中CRP ＞40(mg/L)和年龄＞70(岁)、CTD-IP中CRP ＞40(mg/L)、其他组中CRP＞ 50(mg/L)为独立死亡危险因素.结论 CRP升高、高龄及药物继发性DPLD是弥漫性实质性肺疾病患者住院死亡的危险因素,其中前者是DPLD患者的共同危险因素,而后两者分别是IIPS组和其他病因组的独立危险因素.上述因素在用于预测不同类型DPLD患者死亡风险中需区别分析.     

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤t(14;18)易位及bcl-2基因扩增的检测

目的探讨弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）t（14;18）染色体异位及bcl-2基因扩增在其分类及临床分期、疗效评估中的作用。方法先对60例DLBCL的标本进行显微切割,获取相对比较纯的肿瘤组织,再使用细胞核芯片荧光原位杂交（FISH）对标本进行t（14;18）易位及bcl-2基因扩增检测,采用免疫组织化学SP法在组织微阵列上同步观测CD20、CD10、bcl-6、MUM1的表达,进行生发中心样（GCB）和非生发中心样（non-GCB）分类;通过病例分析得出治疗效果及临床分期的信息,并统计分析以上各因素之间的关系。结果在60例DLBCL中,10例bcl-2／IgH阳性,18例bcl-2基因扩增;GCB29例（48．3％）,non-GCB31例（51．7％）。经FISH检测t（14;18）阳性10例中,GCB8例,non-GCB2例,差异有统计学意义（P=0．031）。t（14;18）阳性及bcl-2基因扩增的病例bcl-2表达均增高。在36例正规CHOP治疗的病例中,bcl-2扩增13例,无扩增23例,bcl-2扩增的13例之治疗结果显效、部分有效、无效率分别为3例（23．1％）、4例（30．8％）和6例（46．2％）;临床分期情况为Ⅰ-Ⅱ期1例（7．7％）,Ⅲ-Ⅳ期12例（92．3％）,这两项指标与bcl-2不扩增的相比差异均有统计学意义（P=0．019、0．046）。结论t（14;18）易位及bcl-2基因扩增均是引起DLBCL之bcl-2蛋白表达的原因,bd-2阳性者与预后有关的原因难以确定,可能是由于引起其阳性表达的原因不同所致;bcl-2基因扩增与治疗效果较差及临床分期较晚有关;FISH检测t（14;18）染色体易位可用于DLBCL的分类。     

以截瘫为临床表现的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤合并甲状腺肿瘤一例

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤 （DLBCL） 是非霍奇金淋巴瘤 （NHL） 中最常见的一个亚型, 发病年龄范围宽, 在临床特征、 侵袭部位、 组织形态学、 分子遗传学、 免疫表型等方面均表现出明显的异质性。此外, 随着恶性肿瘤诊治水平的提高, 同一患者存在多原发性恶性肿瘤 （MPMT） 的报道呈上升趋势。本文报告我科收治的以截瘫为临床表现的 DLBCL合并甲状腺肿瘤1例。     

肝硬化合并以上消化道大出血为首发症状的胃弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤一例

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）是非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）中发病率最高的一类弥漫生长的B细胞淋巴瘤。该病以进行性淋巴结肿大为最主要的临床表现,可结外发病,临床表现多样性,易被误诊。本文报告为以上消化道出血为首发症状,合并肝硬化,内镜表现为胃溃疡的胃DLBCL患者1例。期望通过对本病例分析以提高对DLBCL的认识和诊治水平。