Aktuelle und effektive bildgebende Diagnostik von Sprunggelenk und Fuß

Projection radiographic techniques have been used in a standardized manner for decades for the diagnosis of conditions of the foot and ankle; the indications for them and the pattern of findings useful in the initial diagnosis and monitoring of the course are generally known to clinical radiology staff. Computed tomography has been introduced as an extension of the basic procedures performed for diagnosis in the ankle and the hindfoot. In the case of complex fractures, however, specialist experience is essential. CT is an easily accessible investigative procedure and is meanwhile economical and very powerful. Magnetic resonance imaging supplements the range of investigations in special cases when there are particular problems. Microfractures, findings indicative of inflammation and/or dystrophy and, in particular questions concerning the musculoligamentous support system are the situations in which such investigations are needed. Ultrasound has an additive value vis-à-vis magnetic resonance imaging and is an easily accessible and highly effective examination procedure both for the primary diagnosis and for serial monitoring. Financial constraints in the healthcare sector are increasingly limiting purely medical indications. Regardless of this development, the retention of projection radiography, computer tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging must be demanded for the initial diagnosis in the care of foot and ankle injuries. The earliest possible implementation of all these techniques for the initial diagnosis is the first step towards effective treatment. Cafrefully chosen and, if appropriate, complementary strategies are needed for monitoring of the course and for assessment.     

Komplexverletzungen des Fußes

Complex injuries of the foot are often overlooked, especially in the multiple injured patient, and they then lead to major loss of function. When the mechanism of injury suggests involvement of the foot, a clinical examination of the lower extremities should be included in the primary diagnostic procedures implemented in the multiply injured patient, followed by radiological examination once the patient's condition is stable. The condition of the soft tissues is of decisive importance in the prognosis of complex foot injuries, regardless of whether the damage to the foot is one component of a polytrauma or an isolated injury, which can also be life threatening. The diagnostic examinations selected should be adapted to the severity of the injuries in the particular multiply injured patient. Successful therapy involves stable internal fixation of injuries to bones and joints, though the external fixation options should be considered in the first instance, and carefully selected methods of temporary and definitive soft tissue reconstruction. The aim of treatment is the best possible reconstruction of the foot as a functional weight-bearing unit with intact soft tissue cover and a natural form. Good results can be achieved when there is close interdisciplinary cooperation between trauma (orthopedic) and plastic surgeons. Patient with severe injuries of this kind should be transferred to a trauma center as the first step toward this end.     

Halswirbelsäulendistorsion

Because of the insecure status of knowledge about the actual pathomorphologic changes that occur in whiplash injury, the diagnosis, therapy, and expert assessment of its sequelae still present considerable problems. These are further compounded by the high incidence of this injury in Germany and the very good insurance cover the persons concerned generally have. The initial diagnostic examinations should include a detailed and well-documented clinical examination, and the most precise record possible of how the injury was sustained should be elicited. Plain X-rays are standard diagnostic procedures; functional X-rays and MRI are recommended when instability is suspected or neurological symptoms are present. The first aim of treatment must be the relief or attenuation of pain, followed by improvement of the function. Immobilization of the cervical spine by means of a Schanz collar is rather detrimental. Varied vegetative symptoms require the involvement of different specialists in the treatment at an early stage. Expert assessment for insurance purposes is complicated because the consequences of the accident cannot be objectified, and expecially because the insurance companies require differentiation between the degenerative changes that were present before the injury was sustained in many cases and the symptoms actually caused by the injury.     

热应激对血管内皮细胞增殖的影响及其机制初探

目的　探讨热应激条件下对血管内皮细胞增殖的影响 ,进一步从DNA损伤后P5 3mRNA、P2 1mRNA表达改变角度探讨增殖调控的机理。方法　以建立的血管内皮细胞热应激 (4 3℃ ,2小时 )为实验模型 ,应用流式细胞仪观察热应激后血管内皮细胞株ECV30 4的细胞周期变化 ,单细胞凝胶电泳方法观察热应激对血管内皮细胞DNA的损伤 ,RT PCR检测P5 3mRNA、P2 1mRNA表达改变情况。结果　热应激可使血管内皮细胞DNA产生显著损伤 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,继而P5 3mRNA表达增高 ,并促进P2 1mRNA的上调表达 ,最终使细胞产生G1期阻滞。结论　热应激可损伤血管内皮细胞DNA ,并通过P5 3、P2 1通路抑制细胞增殖     

Ascidian embryonic development: An emerging model system for the study of cell fate specification in chordates

The ascidian tadpole larva represents the basic body plan of all chordates in a relatively small number of cells and tissue types. Although it had been considered that ascidians develop largely in a determinative way, whereas vertebrates develop in an inductive way, recent studies at the molecular and cellular levels have uncovered several similarities in the way developmental fates are specified. In this review, we describe ascidian embryogenesis and its cell lineages, introduce several characteristics of ascidian embryos, describe recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms of cell fate specification, and discuss them in the context of what is known in vertebrates and other organisms. Developmental Dynamics 236:1748–1757, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

再论妊娠期糖尿病与胎儿生长发育

目的 研究妊娠期糖尿病与胎儿生长发育中糖代谢特点的关系。方法 选择妊娠期糖尿病25例（GDM组），正常孕妇20例（对照组），分别测孕妇空腹血糖、糖耐量、C肽、IGF－I、新生儿出生2h内空腹血糖，并依据新生儿出生体重分为大于胎龄儿组（LGA组，≥4000g），适于胎龄儿组（AGA组，2500－3999g)。结果 C肽及新生儿出生2h内空腹血糖GDM组与对照组差异有显著性；糖耐量各时点血糖值餐后2h血糖值LGA和AGA组差异有显著性。结论 血糖始终是影响胎儿生长发育的重要因素，孕妇餐后2h血糖水平与巨大儿的发生呈正相关。     

The relationship between maternal needs and priorities in a neonatal intensive care environment

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the nature and organization of maternal needs and priorities in a neonatal unit. BACKGROUND: The relationship between maternal needs and priorities appears to be an under studied area in neonatal nursing. METHODS: A quantitative survey was carried out based on 209 mothers with premature infants. Two self-assessment schedules were used: critical care maternal needs inventory (J. Leske, Heart and Lung 15, 27-42) and a ranking scale. The data were analysed with multivariate analysis. FINDINGS: Data analysis revealed clear priorities in maternal needs. In particular the need for accurate infant related information was a priority for 93% of the mothers. Good communication practices with professionals were also valued. The mothers displayed altruistic behaviour, and self-related needs took second place. It is proposed that maternal needs demonstrate a hierarchical organization. CONCLUSION: It is important for nurses to consider the individual needs of the mothers, simply because the satisfaction of these needs is essential for maternal well-being.     

Immunologie bei Schwerverletzten

Zusammenfassung. Der klinische Verlauf bei polytraumatisierten Patienten wird durch das h?ufige Auftreten schwerwiegender immunologischer Komplikationen beeintr?chtigt. Die Immunantwort auf schweres Trauma kann durch die vermehrte Freisetzung proinflammatorischer Mediatoren über das „systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)“ zum Mehrorganversagen [„multisystem organ failure (MOF)“] führen, welches mit einer Letalit?t von bis zu 80 % behaftet ist. Charakteristisch für die Entwicklung des Multiorganversagens ist das Auftreten des „remote organ failure (ROF)“, eine Fehlfunktion von Organen, die durch das eigentliche Trauma keinen direkten Schaden erlitten haben. Diese Arbeit gibt einen kurzen überblick über die neueren Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der tierexperimentell-immunologischen Traumaforschung und geht eingehend auf den aktuellen Stand der klinisch-immunologischen Traumaforschung ein. Insbesondere wird die Bedeutung der sog. pro- und antiinflammatorischen Cytokine bei der Entstehung von SIRS, MOF und ROF er?rtert. Trotz der vielen Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der klinischen Immunologie und der vielf?ltigen Informationen über die Trauma-induzierten Immunfunktionsst?rungen müssen jedoch noch viele offene Fragen gel?st werden, bevor die immunologischen Ver?nderungen nach schwerem Trauma durch immunmodulatorische Therapieans?tze nachhaltig positiv beeinflu?t werden k?nnen.      

Der Einfluß der Zahl der dissezierten Lymphknoten auf die Lokalrezidivrate rectaler Carcinome Ein Stagingeffekt

Zusammenfassung. Vom 1. 1. 1985 bis zum 31. 12. 1995 wurde bei 386 Patienten mit einem Rectumcarcinom im UICC-Stadium I–III nach konventionell chirurgischen Eingriffen und R0-Resektion des Tumors der Einflu? der Zahl der dissezierten Lymphknoten auf Tumorstaging und Lokalrezidivrate retrospektiv untersucht. In der univariaten Analyse fanden wir einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen der Zahl der dissezierten und der Zahl der befallenen Lymphknoten, und damit einhergehend eine signifikante Zunahme des UICC-Stadiums III (p = 0,013) und der pTxpN2-Kategorie (p = 0,000). Eine signifikante Senkung der Lokalrezidivrate in Abh?ngigkeit von der Zahl der dissezierten Lymphknoten konnte nur für das UICC-Stadium I und II nachgewiesen werden. Im Gesamtkrankengut und in der multivariaten Analyse hatte die Zahl der dissezierten Lymphknoten keinen Einflu? auf die Lokalrezidivrate. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, da? die Senkung der Lokalrezidivrate im UICC-Stadium I und II nicht auf einen therapeutischen Effekt, sondern auf eine Stadienverschiebung im Rahmen eines exakteren Tumorstagings zurückzuführen ist. Dies weist auf den Einflu? anderer chirurgisch beeinflu?barer Faktoren, insbesondere die totale mesorectale Excision für die Entstehung eines locoregion?ren Rezidivs hin.