Modifying current thin-film microextraction (TFME) solutions for analyzing prohibited substances: Evaluating new coatings using liquid chromatography

For identifying and quantifying prohibited substances, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) continues to arouse interest as a sample preparation method. However, the practical implementation of this method in routine laboratory testing is currently hindered by the limited number of coatings compatible with the ubiquitous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. Only octadecyl (C₁₈) and polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene ligands are currently marketed for this purpose. To address this situation, the present study evaluated 12 HPLC-compatible coatings, including several chemistries not currently used in this application. The stationary phases of SPME devices in the geometry of thin film-coated blades were prepared by applying silica particles bonded with various functional ligands (C₁₈, octyl, phenyl-hexyl, 3-cyanopropyl, benzenesulfonic acid, and selected combinations of these), as well as unbonded silica, to a metal support. Most of these chemistries have not been previously used as microextraction coatings. The 48 most commonly misused substances were selected to assess the extraction efficacy of each coating, and eight desorption solvent compositions were used to optimize the desorption conditions. All samples were analyzed using an HPLC system coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. This evaluation enables selection of the best-performing coatings for quantifying prohibited substances and investigates the relationship between extraction efficacy and the physicochemical characteristics of the analytes. Ultimately, using the most suitable coatings is essential for trace-level analysis of chemically diverse prohibited substances.     

教育对海洛因滥用者的行为及艾滋病认知的干预作用

目的:了解教育对海洛因滥用者吸毒行为以及对艾滋病认知的干预作用,探索减少海洛因滥用者中艾滋病传播的途径。方法:采取宣传教育的方式,对试验组进行毒品、艾滋病及安全套使用等相关知识教育,以达到预防性病、艾滋病流行的目的。并使用毒品知识及艾滋病知识、态度、行为情况调查问卷,对海洛因滥用者教育干预前后情况进行评估。结果:试验组在教育干预前后对毒品及艾滋病知识的了解情况有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:教育可以提高海洛因滥用人群对毒品知识及预防艾滋病措施。有利于遏制HIV/AIDS在海洛因滥用人群中的蔓延。     

贵州省安顺市阿片类药物滥用情况调查

1991年2月至7月对贵州省安顺市居民进行了阿片类药物滥用情况的抽样调查,共调查20 252人。结果表明当地滥用的药物以阿片为主,尚未发现海洛因滥用的现象。男性阿片滥用现患率明显高于女性,但女性平均用药时间却较男性长。不同亚人群滥用阿片的程度及原因有所不同。 此次调查也表明横断面调查用于一般人群阿片类药物滥用程度的估计是可行的,如果配合客观的识别药物滥用者的手段将会使此方法在实际中起到更重要的作用。     

建立中药材盲样检验机制 有效预防以权谋私

从建立管理制度、完善工作程序、编制作业文件、加强运行监督等方面介绍了药品检验机构新近运行的中药材盲样检验机制,详细介绍了中药材盲样检验工作流程,对中药材盲样检验机制在药品检验机构廉政建设中有效预防以权谋私的作用进行了简要论述。     

药物滥用者滥用原因的分析

１９９４年曾在昆明市强制戒毒所进行了滥用原因的调查。调查结果表明个人好奇和朋友引诱是滥用的直接原因。观察友人滥用后的感受以及自恃滥用后不能成瘾则形成了滥用的基础。有了这个基础，再遇友人滥用时就会接受引诱而滥用。另外分析了导致滥用其他方面的原因，还提出预防药物滥用的某些建议。     

西安市美沙酮受治者维持期药物滥用情况及分析

目的：了解社区美沙酮维持治疗者维持期的药物滥用相关行为特征及其影响因素,为制定相应干预策略与措施提供依据。方法：随机对在西安市精神卫生ee心美沙酮门诊治疗两年以上的122位患者进行问卷调查。结果：收回有效问卷122份,有效率100．00％。男性110例（90．20／0）,女性12例（9．820／0）;平均年龄38．7±7．2岁;美沙酮维持治疗剂量10—110mg／ml/日;有36．1％（44／122）的受治者近一月内使用过海洛因,其中24．5％（30／122）采用注射方式;有1．6％（2／122）曾使用冰毒;40．9％（50／122）有饮酒行为;9．8％（12／122）的受治者在过去一月中使用过镇静催眠类药物。结论：1．维持治疗者海洛因的滥用情况减少,达到了减害的目地;2．部分维持治疗者有安定类药物、酒精、新型毒品滥用,应加强干预。     

Mental health, demographic, and risk behavior profiles of pregnant survivors of childhood and adult abuse

Our objective was to address the gap in knowledge about the extent to which perinatal mental health and risk behaviors are associated with childhood and adult experiences of abuse that arises because of barriers to screening and disclosure about past and current abuse. Survey data from an ongoing study of the effects of posttraumatic stress on childbearing were used to describe four groups of nulliparous women: those with no abuse history, adult abuse only, childhood abuse only, and abuse that occurred during both periods. The rates of abuse history disclosure were higher in the research context than in the clinical settings. Mental health morbidity and risk behaviors occurred in a dose-response pattern with cumulative abuse exposure. Rates of current posttraumatic stress disorder ranged from 4.1% among those never abused to 11.4% (adult only), 16.0% (childhood only), and 39.2% (both periods). Women abused during both periods also were more likely to be using tobacco (21.5%) and drugs (16.5%) during pregnancy. We conclude that mental health and behavioral risk sequelae affect a significant portion of both childhood and adult abuse survivors in prenatal care. The integration into the maternity setting of existing evidence-based interventions for the mental health and behavioral sequelae of abuse is needed.     

Intimate partner violence screening and brief intervention: experiences of women in two New Zealand Health Care Settings

The identification of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women as a public health problem has led to routine health care site– based screening and brief intervention policies. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting the usefulness and safety of such policies. Our objective was to ascertain the acceptability, usefulness, and harm of a brief health care site– based screening intervention. In this qualitative study, semistructured interviews were conducted with 36 women several weeks after a standardized screening intervention in either an emergency department (adult and paediatric) or primary health care setting. The majority of women (97%) welcomed the IPV screening intervention and perceived it as nonthreatening and safe. The women reported no increased risk of harm because of the screening. The responses showed that the intervention had a therapeutic and educational quality, and the attitude and approach of the person asking the intervention questions was critical to a positive outcome. Women without a history of violence cautioned that IPV screening may be offensive to those who are abused, whereas those who reported abuse thought IPV screening was essential “to stop it [from] happening.” Our findings challenge concerns that IPV screening is offensive to women and increases their potential for danger. Participants were appreciative of the opportunity to tell their abuse stories in a safe and supportive context, and challenged the health care system to implement IPV screening, asking “What took you so long?”     

Disclosure and health-seeking behaviour following intimate partner violence before and during pregnancy in Flanders, Belgium: a survey surveillance study

OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) among a regional sample of the general obstetric population as the lifetime prevalence, as the 1-year period prevalence before pregnancy, and as the prevalence during the index pregnancy; to assess the rates of disclosure and help-seeking behaviour with IPV; and to determine the acceptability of screening for IPV. STUDY DESIGN: A multi-centred survey surveillance study was carried out among pregnant women attending five large hospitals in the province of East Flanders, Belgium as a regional probability sample of the general obstetric population. Data were collected through an anonymous, written questionnaire that included the Abuse Assessment Screen and additional questions on the circumstances of the most recent episode of physical or sexual violence, on disclosure and help-seeking behaviour, on reporting assault to the police, and on the acceptability of routine screening for IPV. RESULTS: The sampling frame consisted of 1362 women who received the questionnaire at the antenatal service during a 2-month study period, of which 537 (mean age 29.4 years, S.D. 4.09) returned the envelope (response rate 39.4%). The lifetime prevalence of IPV was estimated to be 10.1% (95% CI 7.7-13.0%) and the period prevalence of IPV during pregnancy and/or in the year preceding pregnancy 3.4% (95% CI 2.1-5.4%). There was a significant difference in the reported lifetime prevalence of IPV between women attending with a partner and those who came to the prenatal visit unattended by their partner in particular (6.8% versus 13.9%, p=0.010). Overall, only 19.2% (23 out of 120) and as few as 6.6% (4 out of 61) of the victims of physical and sexual abuse respectively sought medical care by consulting a general practitioner, gynaecologist, or an emergency department. Routine screening for IPV by a general practitioner or gynaecologist was found to be largely acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: In our highly medicalised society, women experiencing partner violence rarely disclose abuse to the widely available health care services, unless they are directly asked about it, which appears an acceptable practice. Hence, there is a definite need to improve women's awareness regarding abuse and their help-seeking behaviour at a public health level.