Intellectual property considerations in the development and use of HRQL measures for clinical trial research

As a result of the expanded use of health-related quality of life (HRQL) measures in clinical trial research, a variety of legal and ethical issues have surfaced. These issues can be put in the form of the following questlons: (1) Under what circumstances should access to HRQL measures be restricted? (2) Under what circumstances is it appropriate for the developers of HRQL measures to assert their intellectual property rights to the instruments? (3) Under what circumstances is personal profit from the sale and use of HRQL measures legally and socially appropriate? Access to HRQL research is to be encouraged since this is necessary for this field to progress. However, the need for protection against misuse of ongoing work is real and may justify the assertion of intellectual property rights. HRQL measures developed entirely with public monles should remain in the public domain or be managed for the public good. Instruments developed with private funds or with a mix of public and private funds should be treated in a manner that refiects a fair balance between the rights of the private developer and those of the scientific community and the public. HRQL questionnaires are regularly being refined; such work is costly. Investigators continuing research directly related to instrument refinement might reasonably ask for compensation from those who wish to use their work.     

小柴胡汤口服液药效作用的研究

观察了小柴胡汤口服液的主要药理作用。研究表明,小柴胡汤口服液有显著抑制角叉菜胶诱发的大鼠踝关节水肿(p<0.05),保护四氯化碳所致的大鼠急性肝功能损害,有极显著降低血清SGPT及LDH的作用(P<0.01)。对家兔发热反应也有较好的抑制作用。此外,小柴胡汤口服液对小鼠兔疫反应也有一定的增强作用,可促进小鼠碳粒廓清速率,提高血清溶血素水平及增强鸡红细胞所致的迟发性过敏反应。     

大鼠子宫内膜抗菌成分的初步分析

作者以１％乙酸冲洗ＳＤ大鼠子宫内膜，获得子宫内膜酸溶性提取物。利用琼脂糖弥散法和电泳凝胶琼脂糖弥散法抗菌试验发现，子宫内膜提取物有三条主蛋白带对致病性大肠杆菌ＭＬ－３５Ｐ耐药株有强抗菌活性，这三条抗菌蛋白带命名为ＲａｔＵＰ－１，ＲａｔＵＰ－２和ＲａｔＵＰ－３，分别占子宫内膜提取物总蛋白量的４．５％，５．７％和６．６％。虽然提取物存在溶菌的活性，但其含量甚微，在ＡＵ一ＰＡＧＥ图谱上亦未能显现溶菌酶条带。本实验的结果提示子宫内膜合成一类抗菌多肽，可能在子宫抗菌机制中发挥重要作用。     

云南水族人群红细胞酸性磷酸酶多态分布

采用淀粉凝胶电泳法对云南水族人红细胞酸性磷酸多态分布状况进行了调查，检出ＥＡＰＡ型６例，ＥＡＰＢＡ型４５例，ＥＡＰ５５例。计算出基因频率分别为：ＥＡＰ＾Ａ０．２６８９，ＥＡＰ＾Ｂ０．７３１１．ＥＡＰ在云南水族人群中的ＤＰ值为０．５１８５。文中对ＥＡＰ在不同人群中的分布进行了比较分析。     

Reclaiming 'Big Nurse': a feminist critique of Ken Kesey's portrayal of Nurse Ratched in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

Reclaiming 'Big Nurse': a feminist critique of Ken Kesey's portrayal of Nurse Ratched in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Nurse Ratched or 'Big Nurse' in Ken Kesey's counter-culture novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is one of popular culture's most arresting and memorable images of the nurse. She is, however, deemed to be remarkable primarily for her malice and authoritarianism. This paper argues that such a purely realist reading fails to fully appreciate the significance of the character of Nurse Ratched. A feminist critique of the novel contends that die importance of 'Big Nurse' is less related to how realistic/unrealistic or good/bad she is as a nurse. Nurse Ratched is important because she exemplifies all diat traditional masculinity abhors in women, and particularly in strong women in positions of power and influence. This paper explores the stereotype of 'Big Nurse' and argues that Kesey's vision of her ultimate 'conquest' is not a progressive allegory of 'individual freedom', but a reactionary misogyny which would deny women any function other than that of sexual trophy.     

肾移植前后男性性生活状况比较

目的 :探讨肾移植前后男性性生活质量的变化。　方法 :将 86例男性肾移植病人分为低年龄组 (2 5～ 35岁 ,35例 )、中年龄组 (36～ 45岁 ,2 9例 )、高年龄组 (46～ 5 5岁 ,2 2例 ) 3组 ,分别调查病人患病前后、肾移植术后性生活能力、频率、性生活满意程度等性生活状况。　结果 :86例病人患病前均有性生活能力 ,患病后有性生活能力的 :低年龄组、中年龄组、高年龄组分别为 2 8.6 %,13.8和 9.1%。肾移植术后有性生活能力的 :低年龄组、中年龄组、高年龄组分别为 88.6 %、75 .9%和 6 3.6 %。　结论 :肾移植术后的性生活质量明显好于患病后 ,年龄越轻、恢复的越理想。     

Diagnosis and therapy for primary hepatic carcinoma: Transcatheter inferior phrenic arteriography and chemoembolization

Summary Transcatheter inferior phrenic arterial (IPA) and hepatic arteriography was performed on 38 patients with advanced primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) with blood supplied by IPA and hepatic artery. 18 patients received single treatment with hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) or embolization (HAE) 20 received double treatment with IPA and hepatic arterial infusion or embolization. The results show that the double treatment is superior to the single one. The angiographic features and mechanism of parasitization of inferior phrenic arterial supply to PHC were also discussed.     

Leukoencephalopathy with swelling in children and adolescents: MRI patterns and differential diagnosis

In children, several neurological disorders are characterised by spongiform leukoencephalopathy. MRI of the brain typically shows white matter swelling, but does not enable differentiation of the various underlying disorders. The aim of this article is optimisation of the diagnostic value of MRI in leukoencephalopathy accompanied by swelling. MRI-based inclusion criteria were met by 20 patients in our database. The images were analysed using a detailed scoring list. In 13 of the 20 patients the clinical diagnosis was known (11 definite and 2 probable diagnoses). Characteristic MRI abnormalities could be defined in these patients. Of the 7 patients without a diagnosis, 5 had identical MRI abnormalities: difuse hemisphere swelling and typical cysts in frontoparietal subcortical white matter and the tips of the temporal lobes. The clinical picture was also similar in these patients, suggesting a similar disease.     

化疗对淋巴瘤伴乙肝病毒感染患者肝功能影响的回顾性分析

目的研究化疗对淋巴瘤伴乙肝病毒感染患者肝功能的影响。方法回顾性病例分析，比较50例HBsAg（-）、20例HBsAg（＋）和18例小三阳的恶性淋巴瘤患者化疗后肝功能变化情况。结果HBsAg（-）组、HBsAg（＋）组和小三阳组化疗后Ⅲ级以上肝功能损害分别是0％、15％、55％。结论伴乙肝病毒感染的淋巴瘤患者化疗后肝功能损害明显，尤其小三阳患者损害更为严重，甚至死亡。     

Downward deviation of progressive addition lenses in a myopia control trial

PURPOSE: To clarify how the downward deviation of progressive addition lenses (PALs) reduces their near-addition effect in schoolchildren participating in a myopia control trial. METHODS: Among 95 schoolchildren wearing PALs for 6 months (age range: 6-12 years; refractive error range: -6.00 to -1.25 D), facial images were captured with a digital still camera placed 60 cm in front of the eyes while he or she was looking ahead with natural head posture. The vertical deviations of PALs from their ideal position (mm) were evaluated by analysing these images. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) downward deviations of PALs for the right and left eyes were 3.7 +/- 2.3 and 3.7 +/- 2.0 mm, respectively, and the largest downward deviation was 10.2 mm. For simulations using the average downward deviation, the near-addition effect of PALs was reduced to 30 and 63% of the expected value at the 10 degrees and 20 degrees downward eye positions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The downward deviation of PALs is a significant factor in reducing their therapeutic effect for near-addition. To ensure the proper alignment of PALs in children, the conventional spectacle-frame-fitting procedure is not sufficient, and repeated confirmation using a testing method similar to that used in this study is required.