足部骨筋膜室综合征早期诊断与治疗

目的:探讨足部骨筋膜室综合征早期诊断与治疗结果。方法:1998年1月-2003年12月收治15例足骨筋膜室综合征患者(均为男性:年龄15～55岁,平均32岁),行足背双切口减压4例,足底内侧减压9例,足内外两侧减压2例。1周后行减张缝合或植皮术。结果:15例随访9～24个月,12例恢复佳,足运动感觉正常;2例有足底感觉减退、足趾麻木;1例遗留前足挛缩、无力,足趾麻木。无爪形趾及功能障碍者。结论:足损伤后,Whiteside法测定组织间隙压力是诊断足骨筋膜室综合征的可靠方法。治疗时足部如有骨折、血肿者,骨筋膜室减张切口,宜选择足底内侧切开效果较好。     

IS THERE A SPECIFIC LINKAGE BETWEEN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE?

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common condition characterized by repetitive sleep‐induced collapse of the upper airways. It is associated with increased risk for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cerebral stroke, and traffic accidents. In contrast, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a very common disorder defined as various symptoms or esophageal mucosal damage generated by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Patients with OSAS have been reported to have a high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms. The increase of transdiaphragmatic pressure in parallel with the large negative intrathoracic pressure produced during apnea events may directly lead to GER. In addition, some studies have demonstrated improvement in GERD with the application of continuous positive airway pressure, most consistently effective treatment for OSAS. However, GER dose not occur with every apnea. Moreover, the common conditions observed in patients with OSAS, including obesity or alcohol ingestion, are also predisposing factors for GER. A more recent investigation in over 1000 subjects failed to show a causal link between both diseases. Thus, the potential relationship between OSAS and GERD remains controversial. Inconsistencies in definitions of both diseases or sampling biases may contribute to the confusing results.     

Risks of androgen therapy

Elderly men with clinical and laboratory evidence of androgen deficiency are eligible for testosterone treatment.

With proper monitoring this is acceptably safe.

In the first year of testosterone treatment there should be a digital rectal examination of the prostate and measurement of prostate specific antigen every three months, thereafter yearly.

The rate of increase of prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels is more significant than its absolute values.

Levels of haemoglobin and the haematocrit should be monitored.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征相关高血压病的临床特点

探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征相关性高血压病 (obstructive sleep apnea associated hypertension,OSAAHT)的临床特点。对照分析 2 4例 OSAAHT和年龄及病期相匹配的 2 2例原发性高血压病患者 ,比较症状、体重指数、治疗前睡眠前后血压变化及 2 4h血压动态监测等指标。结果发现 OSAAHT患者白天明显过度困倦 ,睡眠监测呼吸紊乱指数 (AHI)为 (4 5 .1± 15 .3)次 / h,体重指数高于对照组 [(2 7.9± 2 .5 ) kg/ m2比 (2 3.9± 1.7) kg/ m2 ,P<0 .0 1]。OSAAHT睡前血压 (137.1± 10 .5 ) / (88.4± 6 .6 ) mm Hg,清晨血压 (15 5 .9± 14.4) / (10 1.8± 4.9) m m Hg;原发性高血压病组睡前血压 (149.2± 12 .5 ) / (91.7± 6 .2 ) mm Hg,清晨血压 (140 .7± 9.4) / (83.4± 5 .9) mm Hg;两组睡前收缩压及清晨收缩压和舒张压均有差异 ,P<0 .0 1。OSAAHT夜间血压下降率明显小于原发性高血压病对照组[(13.3± 4.9) %比 (4 .5± 1.6 ) % ,P<0 .0 1]。提示 OSAAHT除了睡眠呼吸障碍外 ,还具有以下临床特点 :清晨睡醒时血压较高 ,夜间血压下降幅度变小 ,白天过度困倦以及肥胖等     

A case of nocturnal fainting: supine vasovagal syncope.

Supine loss of consciousness is a relatively rare occurrence prompting investigations for underlying causes as diverse as cardiac arrhythmia, hypoglycaemia and nocturnal epilepsy. Neurally mediated syncope is rarely implicated as the cause of symptoms in supine loss of consciousness because of the absence of orthostatic stress and gravitational relative preservation of cerebral perfusion, but we report here on a case of recurrent, atypical and troublesome vasovagal syncope occurring at night while supine. Diagnosis aided by head-up tilt table testing and conservative management brought about complete resolution of symptoms.     

Modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale in Chinese children with obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective study

Background and objective  The purpose of this study is to assess whether Chinese children with high apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) are sleepier by a modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Materials and methods  Records were retrospectively reviewed. We included children who were between 3 and 12 years old, admitted for overnight polysomnogram because of suspected obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). A modified ESS was used to assess excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) of the children. Results  One hundred ninety-two Chinese children were included. Children with high AHI, defined as AHI > 5.0, were sleepier than children with AHI less than or equal to 5. After adjustment by age, gender, and obesity, children with high AHI remained significantly sleepier. Modified ESS was significantly correlated with AHI (rho = 0.124, 95% CI = 0.004–0.281). Modified ESS score of >8 was the best cutoff point with the sensitivity and specificity of 0.29 and 0.91, respectively. The odds ratio of children with modified ESS > 10 having high AHI was 4.231 (95%CI = 1.248 to 14.338) and children with modified ESS > 8 had the highest odds ratio, 4.295(95%CI = 1.66 to 11.1), of having high AHI. Conclusion   Chinese children with high AHI appear to be sleepier than children with low AHI. Children with suspected OSAS and high modified ESS, i.e., ESS > 8, had significantly higher odds ratio of having high AHI. Increased sleepiness is a specific but not a sensitive symptom in snoring children with high AHI. Screening for EDS in snoring children may help us identify those with high AHI and prioritize the management of those children. All authors worked and the study was carried out in Kwong Wah Hospital in Hong Kong. There was no conflict of interest and no specific source of funding for the study.     

Changes of Unit Discharge of the Medullary Respiratory Neurons during Apnea

Changes of the neuronal discharge of 128 medullary respiratory unitswere recorded and studied during the period of expiratory apnea induced reflexlyby intracarotid sinus injection of sodium citrate in rabbits.Generally,theneuronal discharge of inspiratory units began,stopped and recovered at the sametime with those of the phrenic nerve.But,about 5% the phase-spanninginspiratory units near the obex showed a different time course with the dischargeof the phrenic nerve.They fired continuously in a low frequency while thephrenic nerve was quiet.When increasing progressively and approaching to acertain level,the firing rate increased abruptly and at the same time phrenic nervebegan to fire.So it seemed that they acted as the pacemaker of inspiration.Comparison of the cycle-triggered histograms(CTH)of these inspiratory unitswith those of phrenic nerve showed clearly the above mentioned phasicrelationship.They started firing before the phrenic nerve,but they reached theirmaximal rate and then declined and stopped quite in accordance with the phrenicnerve.It is,therefore,reasonable to assume that the central mechanism of theswitch from expiratory apnea to inspiration may originate from this kind ofneurons.Most of the expiratory units show tonic discharges during the period of apneawith a higher discharge rate than normal and then the rate decreases just beforerecovery of phrenic firing.In addition,small portion of the expiratory units weredepressed as the phrenic discharge ceased.The function of these two differentkinds of neurons in the mechanism of development of respiratory rhythm is,apparently,different.     

李松林副主任医师治疗肾小球肾炎的经验

李松林副主任医师将肾小球肾炎的病机概括为湿、热、毒、瘀、虚等方面，在中医辨证的基础上，结合现代医学对其病因和发病机理的认识及中草药药理作用，针对不同的病理机制和临床表现，提出清热解毒法，活血化瘀法，调补脾肾法，扶正固本法，并视症有机结合，恰当治疗，疗效显著。     

急性心肌梗死患者睡眠质量的临床研究

目的 对急性心肌梗死（Acute Myocardial Infarction，AMI）患者睡眠状况进行观察，研究其规律性及与心肌梗死发生、转归的关系。方法 对75例AMI患者分别进行睡眠质量观察和评估。结果 AMI患者按睡眠质量总分分组后，高得分组（≥5．06分，40例）的平均住院时间、梗死面积、合并症数目均明显高于低得分组（〈5．06分，35例），而低得分组的日常生活能力得分却明显高于高得分组（P〈0．05）。结论 AMI患者有明显的睡眠质量下降，并影响其梗死面积、合并症、日常生活活动能力和住院时间。