中老年男性血清催乳素水平与良性前列腺增生的关系

目的　探讨中老年男性血清催乳素 (PRL)和睾酮 (T)的变化 ,研究PRL与良性前列腺增生的关系。　方法　将 84例健康中老年男性分为 4个年龄组 ,测定血清PRL和T水平 ,分析不同年龄组的数值变化。采用B超测定其中 38例的前列腺体积 ,与PRL进行相关性分析。　结果　 5 0、6 0、70和 80岁年龄组的T水平分别为 (2 5 .92± 2 .5 4)、(2 1.0 0± 1.92 )、(18.37± 2 .49)和 (14.75±2 .38)nmol/L ,不同年龄组之间T水平比较 ,差别有显著性意义 (F =3.44 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;PRL水平分别为 (1.11± 0 .16 )、(0 .96± 0 .2 0 )、(0 .99± 0 .18)和 (0 .91± 0 .2 9)nmol/L ,组间比较差别无显著性意义(F =0 .12 ,P >0 .0 5 ) ;PRL水平与前列腺体积无显著相关性 (r =0 .2 5 ,P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　PRL通过雄激素在前列腺的生长过程中产生作用 ,但中老年男性雄激素水平不断降低 ,削弱了PRL在前列腺增生中的作用。     

围刺配合电针对乳腺增生大鼠乳头大小、乳腺病理变化、血清性激素含量和雌激素受体表达的影响

目的:探讨围刺配合电针治疗乳腺增生的作用机制。方法:将40只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、针刺组和药物组。采用己烯雌酚联合黄体酮肌肉注射的方法建立乳腺增生模型。针刺组在大鼠第2对左右乳房进行围刺后,电针30min,并针刺膻中穴,留针30min,1次/d,共治疗30d;药物组每日予以三苯氧胺(1.8mg/kg)灌胃。于治疗前,治疗10、20、30d测量各组大鼠第2对乳头高度、直径;于末次治疗后采用放射免疫法检测血清雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)、泌乳素(PRL)、睾酮(T)含量;取大鼠第2对乳房常规H.E.染色,光镜下观察组织形态表现;运用免疫组化法观察乳腺组织雌激素受体(ER)表达情况。结果:模型组乳头高度、直径均高于正常组(P<0.05),治疗后针刺组和药物组乳头高度、直径均低于模型组(P<0.05)。模型组E2、PRL、T含量明显高于正常组(P<0.05),针刺组和药物组E2、PRL、T含量均低于模型组(P<0.05);模型组P含量低于正常组(P<0.05),针刺组和药物组P含量高于模型组(P<0.05)。模型组与正常组乳腺组织形态比较,乳腺小叶、腺泡、腺导管数目明显较多,腺泡腔和腺导管明显扩张;针刺组和药物组与模型组比较,乳腺小叶、腺泡、腺导管数均减少,腺泡腔及腺导管萎缩。模型组乳腺组织ER阳性细胞表达与正常组相比明显增高(P<0.05),针刺组和药物组大鼠乳腺组织ER阳性细胞表达与模型组比较明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:围刺配合电针能够改善大鼠乳腺组织病理形态,其作用与调节血清性激素含量及降低乳腺组织ER表达有关。     

Predictivity of Plasma Prolactin Levels in Differentiating Epilepsy from Pseudoseizures: A Prospective Study

The predictivity of raised plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations in differentiating seizure from syncopal attack was prospectively assessed in all patients consecutively admitted to the Clinica Neurologica of Brescia, Italy in a 12-month period who fulfilled the criteria for either a seizure or syncopal attack. Postictal plasma prolactin concentration (P1) was assessed as soon as possible after the event. Three further assessments were performed: P2 was sampled 1 h after P1, P3, and P4 were sampled in the morning for the next 2 days. Patients who had had a seizure showed significantly increased P1 concentrations, when P1 was sampled within 60 min of the attack. In seizure patients assessed >1 h after the event, P1 was not significantly different from either P2, P3, or P4. In patients who had had a syncopal attack, PRL concentration never increased. In patients assessed ≤60 min after the seizure, cutoff criterion of P1 exceeding by + 3 SD the mean calculated on P2, P3, and P4 yielded a positive predictive value of 89% and a negative predictive value of 61%. These findings confirm that plasma prolactin concentration is highly predictive of true epilepsy but barely predictive of pseudoseizures.     

Impact of acute and chronic ethanol exposure on prolactin in both male and female rats

The deleterious effects of ethanol (EtOH) on reproduction have been well documented. This disruption is usually associated with alterations in prolactin (PRL) levels, which is relevant since this hormone is an important participant in the reproductive system. Reported EtOH-induced changes in PRL (i.e., stimulation or inhibition) have varied. These differences may have been owing to the gender or age/sexual maturity of the animal and the mode of the administration of EtOH. Therefore, to clarify the impact of EtOH on PRL, a series of experiments were conducted utilizing rats of both genders, exposed to EtOH acutely or chronically, as adults and as they progressed through puberty. In general, in younger animals of both genders, EtOH depressed serum PRL whether given acutely or chronically. In adult males, acute EtOH actually stimulated PRL levels while chronic administration had no effect. In adult females, EtOH’s effect was highly dependent on the stage of the estrous cycle in which EtOH was given and during which PRL was measured. In conclusion, our studies have shown that the PRL response to EtOH is dependent on the gender and age/sexual maturity of the animals as well as on the mode of administration.     

Hormone release is tied to changes in cell size in the osmoreceptive prolactin cell of a euryhaline teleost fish, the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

Prolactin (PRL) cells from a teleost fish, the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, facilitate the direct study of osmoreception. The release of two prolactins, PRL(188) and PRL(177), which act in freshwater osmoregulation in teleost fish, rises in vitro within 5 min after extracellular osmolality falls. An increase in cell size accompanied this rise. Cell size and PRL release also increased, albeit more slowly, following the partial replacement of medium NaCl (55 mOsmolal) with an equivalent concentration of urea, a membrane-permeant molecule. Similar replacement using mannitol, which is membrane-impermeant, elicits no response. These findings suggest that osmoreception is linked to changes in cell volume rather than to extracellular osmolality per se.     

TIDAL WAVES: Network mechanisms in the neuroendocrine control of prolactin release

Neuroendocrine tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons tonically inhibit pituitary release of the hormone, prolactin. Through the powerful actions of prolactin in promoting lactation and maternal behaviour while suppressing sexual drive and fertility, TIDA neurons play a key role in reproduction. We summarize insights from recent in vitro studies into the membrane properties and network behaviour of TIDA neurons including the observations that TIDA neurons exhibit a robust oscillation that is synchronized between cells and depends on intact gap junction communication. Comparisons are made with phasic firing patterns in other neuronal populations. Modulators involved in the control of lactation – including serotonin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and prolactin itself – have been shown to change the electrical behaviour of TIDA cells. We propose that TIDA discharge mode may play a central role in tuning the amount of dopamine delivered to the pituitary and hence circulating prolactin concentrations in different reproductive states and pathological conditions.     

维思通对女性精神病人血清催乳素及月经周期的影响

目的　探讨维思通对女性精神病人血清催乳素 (PRL)及月经周期的影响 ,同时也观察了这一副反应对病人的情绪影响。方法　对 5 6例服用维思通的首发精神分裂症女性病人进行连续 12周的治疗观察 ,并测定用药前和用药后第 4周、12周的PRL数值 ;以及观察 3次月经周期变化。在疗前及 12周治疗结束后评定BPRS、TESS。结果　第 4周内病人PRL变化不明显 (0 0 5

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Prolactin secretion in posterior pituitary lobectomized rats: differential effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan and ether

The objective of this study was to determine whether the posterior pituitary mediates the prolactin (PRL) releasing activities of serotonin and ether. Ovariectomized (OVEX) rats were subjected to posterior pituitary lobectomy (LOBEX) or sham surgery (SHAM). Either 1 or 12 days after surgery, rats were injected i.v. with 20 mg/kg b. wt. of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), which is a precursor of serotonin. A second group of rats was exposed to ether vapors for 10 min. Blood was collected from a jugular cannula before and after the treatments and analyzed for PRL. On either 1 or 12 days after surgery, injection of 5-HTP increased plasma PRL levels 5–10 fold in both LOBEX and SHAM rats. This was followed by a decline to preinjection levels within 60–90 min. LOBEX and SHAM male rats which were injected i.p. with 50 mg/kg b. wt. of 5-HTP, also showed marked and similar elevations of plasma PRL levels 12 days after surgery. Exposure of OVEX rats to ether elicited a 2–3 fold rise in plasma PRL levels only on day 1, but not on day 12, after LOBEX. The ether-induced rise in PRL was similar in SHAM rats tested on both days. These results indicate that the 5-HTP-induced rise in plasma PRL levels is independent of the posterior pituitary, regardless of the sex, the route of drug administration or the length of time after surgery. In contrast, the PRL response to ether stress is diminished within 12 days after LOBEX. The evidence that the PRL responses to 5-HTP and to ether might be mediated via different neuronal mechanisms is discussed.