Visión global de las guías clínicas en cirugía de la disfunción eréctil: EUA-AUA

IntroductionThe implantation of a penile prosthesis is considered a third-line treatment and is indicated in patients who do not respond adequately to pharmacotherapy or require definitive treatment. Currently, the most used devices are 3-component penile prostheses, which presently account for more than 90% of the implants used.Material and methodsWe reviewed the evidence and the recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines regarding surgery in patients with erectile dysfunction.ResultsThe recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines on surgery in patients with erectile dysfunction are summarized as follows: men with erectile dysfunction should be informed about the option of penile prosthesis implant treatment, commenting on the benefits, risks and consequences; men with erectile dysfunction who have agreed to receive penile prosthesis should be advised on post-surgical expectations; penile prosthesis implants should not be performed in patients with systemic, cutaneous or urinary tract infection; in young men with erectile dysfunction and focal penile or pelvic arterial obstruction who do not have generalized vascular disease or veno-occlusive dysfunction, penile arterial reconstruction can be considered; in men with erectile dysfunction, penile venous surgery is not recommended.ConclusionsThe use of penile prostheses offers high satisfaction rates to both the patient and his partner. However, it is crucial to adequately inform and warn patients about possible complications and consequences.     

人工全髋表面置换技术的历史与现状

作为全髋置换术(THR)的一种替代技术,全髋表面置换术(THSR)通过保留股骨头、颈骨块而恢复髋关节正常的生物力学特性及关节的稳定性,并由于未破坏股骨髓腔结构而具有易翻修的潜力。在其发展长达半个多世纪的三个技术时期中,通过不断积累经验,使得假体系统在材料、设计及固定方法等技术参数方面获得长足改进。但仍存在尚待解决的问题。新一代金-金全髋表面假体系统的问世是髋关节置换术的一个重要历程碑,在不到10年的临床随访中其早期疗效非常满意,但中、长期疗效尚不确定,需待与其它方法作进一步长期的、随机化对照性研究。     

尺骨近端解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的:探讨国人尺骨近端解剖参数特点,为临床修复和重建尺骨近端及假体设计提供参考依据。方法:对30具60侧新鲜成人尸体上肢作研究,分别测量男女冠突的高度;冠突高1/2处的冠状面宽度、矢状面厚度;鹰嘴高度;尺骨鹰嘴尖到冠突尖中线位置处矢状面厚度、冠状面宽度;尺骨鹰嘴矢状面跨径;尺骨滑车切迹开口径;开角等,并根据性别对上述参数进行比较。结果:正常成人男性尺骨鹰嘴平均高度、宽度、厚度、矢状面跨径分别为9.7±1.2mm、18.5±2.6mm、14.2±1.3mm、14.3±1.6mm,冠突高度、宽度、厚度分别为18.4±0.6mm、22.5±0.8mm、8.2±0.4mm,尺骨滑车切迹开口径20.1±1.7mm;女性尺骨鹰嘴平均高度、宽度、厚度、矢状面跨径分别为8.5±0.9mm、16.7±2.4mm、12.6±1.4mm、12.5±1.8mm,冠突高度、宽度、厚度分别为16.4±0.4mm、19.8±0.6mm、6.3±0.9mm,尺骨滑车切迹开口径18.6±1.1mm。经统计学分析男性上述指标明显大于女性(P<0.05),与男性平均身高及尺骨长度比女性大有关。而开角的大小约30°,无性别差异(P>0.05),与身高及尺骨的长度无关。结论:根据正常成人尺骨近端参数特点,可为临床修复和重建尺骨鹰嘴及尺骨冠突,以及尺骨近端的假体设计提供参考依据。     

行气活血利水方联合低分子肝素钙注射液预防老年股骨头置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成临床观察

目的观察行气活血利水方联合低分子肝素钙注射液预防老年股骨头置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床疗效。方法将148例患者随机分为2组,治疗组75例采用内服行气活血利水方口服联合低分子肝素钙注射液皮下注射;对照组73例采用单纯皮下注射低分子肝素钙注射液。术后记录伤口引流量,于术后第3、7、12 d分别行下肢血管彩色多谱勒超声检查,评价深静脉通畅情况。结果 2组病例手术后48 h刀口引流量均在正常范围,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组均未发生深静脉血栓形成,对照组发生深静脉血栓形成4例(5.4%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组均未发生明显的出血并发症。结论行气活血利水方联合低分子肝素钙注射液可安全、有效预防老年股骨头置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成。     

肾下型腹主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的总结26例肾下型腹主动脉瘤的手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析近5年多来手术治疗26例肾下型腹主动脉瘤的临床资料，全组26例，术前均经影像检查证实诊断。行择期手术21例，破裂型腹主动脉瘤急诊手术5例。26例均行腹主动脉瘤切除，人工血管重建术。结果围手术期死亡2例，均为急症手术患者，总病死率7．7％，急诊手术病死率40．0％。随访时间1-5年。术后1，3，5年生存率分别为96％，88％，75％。死亡原因均与腹主动脉瘤和手术无关。结论CTA检查是诊断腹主动脉瘤的可靠方法。手术治疗仍是治疗腹主动脉瘤的重要方法。瘤体直径不是决定手术的唯一指征。影响手术的危险因素主要是高龄、严重的心肺疾病和肾功能不全。     

Sentinel node biopsy in uro-oncology: A history of the development of a promising concept

Lymph node staging is important in many urologic malignancies. The lack of a sufficiently accurate noninvasive lymph node staging modality has proven to be challenging as most urologic malignancies rely on surgical lymph node removal for regional staging. Penile cancer has been a model disease for the development of the sentinel node concept, which has subsequently been successfully adapted to breast cancer and melanoma studies. Currently, the sentinel node technique is standardized in many centers and under development for new indications. The introduction of near-infrared cameras and fluorescence techniques has paved the way for robot-assisted laparoscopic sentinel node biopsies in prostate cancer, urinary bladder cancer, and renal cancer. Fluorescence techniques have increased visual guidance towards lymph nodes during surgery and have challenged previously established templates for surgical lymph node removal. This review discusses the history of our understanding of the lymphatic system and the development of the sentinel node concept and highlights the importance of early and minimally invasive regional lymph node staging. Contemporary data on sentinel node biopsy in each of the urologic malignancies are assessed. Current trends towards robot-assisted sentinel lymph node removal are discussed, and the diagnostic accuracy and oncologic safety of sentinel node procedures are addressed. In an era of several new sentinel node indications, the importance of proper case selection, protocolled regimen, consequent follow-up, and back-up strategies in the case of radiotracer-silent or nonvisualized regions is stressed.     

Linfadenectomía inguinal izquierda endoscópica modificada

IntroductionEndoscopic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy is an evolution of laparoscopic surgery thanks to background in these techniques. This is a new technique and the indications in the field of penile tumors today are expanding. The technique aims at reducing the morbidity of the procedure without compromising the cancer control or reducing the template of the dissection.Material and methodsWe present the modified endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy in a 70 years-old male patient with penile melanoma and positive sentinel lymph node in left inguinal limb. Intraoperative data, pathology, post operatory evolution and oncological follow-up is describedResultsOperative time was 120 minutes. Nine lymph nodes were retrieved and none of then showed positivity at pathology. There were no complications. The drain was kept for five days. After 12 months of follow up, no signs of disease progression were noted.ConclusionThe endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy is feasible in clinical practice. New studies with a greater number of patients and long-term follow-up may confirm the oncological efficacy and possible lower morbidity of these new approach.     

基于国人205例Oxford3代单髁置换假体尺寸的临床研究

目的对国人单髁置换（UKA）假体尺寸进行临床研究,从而为临床上选择合适的UKA假体提供良好的参考。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2013年3月采用UKA术（Oxford第3代假体）治疗205例患者的资料。总结国人UKA假体包括股骨和胫骨假体的大小分布情况,分析股骨-胫骨假体的最佳匹配关系,对国人流行病学资料[年龄,性别,左／右侧,身高及身高体重指数（BMI）]与股骨假体大小进行单因素分析（碧检验）和多因素分析（二分类Logistic回归模型）。以此205例资料为依据,初步建立国人UKA假体相关参数的分布图。结果（1）UKA假体分布：股骨假体尺寸分布,XS-6．3％,S-71．7％,M-22．0％,L-0％,XL-0％。（2）胫骨假体尺寸分布,AA．28．8％,A．38．0％,B-20％,C-11．7％,D-1．5％,E-0％,F-0％。股胫假体的最佳匹配关系：胫骨AA匹配股骨XS,胫骨A和B匹配股骨S,胫骨c和D匹配股骨M。（3）相关性分析：身高结合性别综合判断,其与股骨假体大小明显相关（P〈0．01）,而年龄,左／右侧,BMI与股骨假体尺寸分布均无明确的相关性（P〉0．05）。（4）初步建立了国人UKA假体相关参数的分布图。按照此标准,术前采用身高结合性别这一指标判断股骨假体大小的准确性达到84．9％,而术中采用胫骨假体判断股骨假体大小的准确性达到61．1％。结论中国人群UKA假体分布不同于欧美人群。国人的假体分布图能够较好的指导术中选用合适大小的股骨假体,然而临床上需要进一步积累病例数以建立更适合的参考标准。