Quantitative comparison between 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD: measurement of arterial input and brain retention

This report describes a comparative study between technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and ^99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) in five neurological patients. The conversion kinetics of the tracers in the blood from forms capable of diffusion across the blood-brain barrier to non-diffusible forms were studied by arterial sampling and rapid octanol extraction. We observed that HMPAO has a faster conversion rate in the blood but that the fraction of the injected dose available for brain extraction is higher than in the case of ECD. Regional brain concentrations of the tracers were measured with single-photon emission tomography (SPET) 35 min and 60 min after the injection and remained stable within this interval. On the basis of the measurements of the arterial input and of SPET brain concentrations of the tracers, the regional steadystate influx constants (Ki in ml/min/g) were determined for several brain regions. In the grey matter the Ki values were (mean ± SD) 0.32 ± 0.03 and 0.35 ± 0.04 for HMPAO and ECD, respectively; in the white matter the values were 0.23 ± 0.01 and 0.23 ± 0.02, respectively. The Ki values of the two tracers in corresponding regions were closely correlated (P<0.001). The correspondence of the Ki values of ECD and HMPAO demonstrates that ECD can also be considered a tracer that may be used for quantitative measurements of brain perfusion. Correspondence to: A. Pupi     

宫腔镜子宫内膜切除术联合妇康片治疗异常子宫出血疗效观察

目的 分析宫腔镜子宫内膜电切术联合妇康片治疗异常子宫出血的效果。方法 应用宫腔镜电切术治疗子宫黏膜下肌瘤38例，子宫内膜息肉26例，复杂型子宫内膜增生16例。所有病例术前1个月及术后3个月服用妇康片7．5mg／d。随访治疗后症状改善情况。结果 术后随访3～18个月，子宫黏膜下肌瘤总有效率92．10％（36／38），子宫内膜息肉总有效率84．61％（22／26），复杂型子宫内膜增生总有效率93．75％（15／16）。结论 宫腔镜电切术联合妇康片治疗子宫黏膜下肌瘤、子宫内膜息肉、复杂型子宫内膜增生等异常子宫出血效果好，创伤小，恢复快，复发少。     

一锅煮合成2′,4″-O-双(三甲基硅) 红霉素A9-O-(1-异丙氧环己基)肟及其副产物

目的改进克拉霉素合成工艺。方法分离、鉴定红霉素A肟的醚化、硅烷化的一锅煮副产物。结果主产物为E-2′,4-″O-双(三甲基硅)红霉素A 9-O-(1-异丙氧基环己基)肟;4个副产物按含量从高到低依次为Z-2′,4-″O-双(三甲基硅)红霉素A 9-O-(1-异丙氧基环己基)肟、E-4-″O-三甲基硅-红霉素A 9-O-(1-异丙氧基环己基)肟、Z-4-″O-三甲基硅-红霉素A 9-O-(1-异丙氧基环己基)肟和E-2-′O-三甲基硅-红霉素A 9-O-(1-异丙氧基环己基)肟。结论六甲基二硅氨烷在酸性下生成三甲基硅正离子和NH3,由于3′-叔胺基在酸性下带正电,有排斥作用,硅烷化容易先发生在4-″OH上,该反应为SN1机制,相应的4-″OH比2-′OH表现出较高的活性。但由于NH3等碱性物质的干扰,提高了2-′OH的活性,硅烷化的区域选择性不高,却有助于得到2′-、4″-OH的双硅烷化产物。     

Effect of oestrogen and progesterone on fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in post-menopausal women

A study of 240 post-menopausal women receiving Dixarit (clonidine hydrochloride), Premarin (conjugated equine oestrogens), Harmogen (piperazine oestrone sulphate) and Progynova (oestradiol valerate) in two different dosages alone and in combination with progestational agents such as norethisterone acetate, dydrogesterone, and norgestrel for climacteric symptoms showed that there was no adverse effect on serum lipid levels. There was no significant change in the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels during treatment with oestrogen replacement therapy.     

Lipids and clotting factors during low dose transdermal estradiol/norethisterone use

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effects of 2-year transdermal continuous combined low-dose estradiol (0.025 mg/day) and norethisterone acetate (0.125 mg/day) on lipid/lipoprotein profile and coagulation/fibrinolysis. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, parallel, 1-year trial enrolled 266 healthy women at least 2 years post menopause. Patients received either 0.025 mg estradiol and 0.125 mg norethisterone acetate daily or placebo transdermally. One hundred and thirty five women completed a second year open follow-up (96 had used Estragest TTS, 39 placebo during the first year), where all women had the estradiol/norethisterone patch. Lipid/lipoprotein profile and coagulation/fibrinolysis parameters were studied at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 weeks. RESULTS: In women on estradiol/norethisterone total cholesterol, Lp(a) and VLDL cholesterol decreased significantly more than in the placebo group after 24 weeks and LDL cholesterol after 48 weeks. Women on estradiol/norethisterone had no change in HDL, triglycerides or Lp(a), an increased HDL/total cholesterol ratio and decreased LDL, VLDL and total cholesterol at 48 weeks compared to placebo. Women with active treatment also showed a significant reduction compared with the placebo group of Factor VII and antithrombin III at 24 and 48 weeks and a reduction of fibrinogen at 24 weeks. These changes persisted over the second year. CONCLUSIONS: A continuous combined low-dose transdermal patch daily delivering 0.025 mg estradiol and 0.125 mg norethisterone acetate provided beneficial effects on lipid/lipoprotein profile and coagulation/fibrinolysis. The changes were similar to those previously described after higher dose oral and transdermal estrogen/progestogen regimens.     

Effects of estradiol and norethisterone on lipids, insulin resistance and carotid flow

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the lipid profile, insulin resistance and vasomotricity, and the interaction between these factors, in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was carried out in which 77 postmenopausal women received one of the three treatment regimens: (A) 2mg oral micronized estradiol (E2) (n=25); (B) 2mg oral E2+1mg oral norethisterone acetate (NETA) (n=28); or C) placebo (n=24), daily for 6 months. Evaluations were carried out at baseline and at the end of treatment on lipid and lipoprotein profiles, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and pulsatility index (PI) of the internal carotid artery by Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS: Mean increases of 15.6% and 2.4% and a reduction of 6.4% in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were found for the E2, E2+NETA and placebo groups, respectively. Reductions of 9.5% and 3.7% and an increase of 12.1% in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and reductions of 20.0% and 3.8% and an increase of 28.8% in the LDL:HDL ratio were found for the E2, E2+NETA and placebo groups, respectively (p<0.001 in all cases). Insulin levels and HOMA-IR decreased 12.8% and 12.3% in the E2 group and increased 12.9% and 16.0% in the E2+NETA group (p<0.05), respectively. Carotid PI following treatment was 1.18+/-0.23, 1.38+/-0.20 and 1.41+/-0.21 for the E2, E2+NETA and placebo groups, respectively (p=0.0006). CONCLUSIONS: Oral estrogen therapy led to an improvement in lipid profile, insulin resistance and carotid blood flow, which was cancelled when NETA was associated.     

80例诊断性刮宫术合并炔诺酮治疗更年期功能失调性子宫出血临床观察

目的研究诊断性刮宫术联合炔诺酮治疗更年期功能失调性子宫出血的临床疗效。方法将诊断为更年期功能失调性子宫出血的80患者行诊断性刮宫术后予炔诺酮递减量治疗,观察患者子宫内膜厚度变化及停药后2个月月经周期是否正常。结果服用炔诺酮治疗2个疗程后,91.25%患者的子宫内膜厚度恢复至正常水平;71例患者(88.75%)停药后2个月恢复正常月经周期。结论诊断性刮宫术联合炔诺酮治疗更年期功能失调性子宫出血临床疗效满意,值得进一步推广使用。     

宫腔电切术联合妇康片治疗异常子宫出血80例护理体会

目的:探讨宫腔镜电切术联合妇康片对异常子宫出血的治疗效果及护理方法。方法:应用宫腔镜电切术治疗异常子宫出血患者80例,所有病例术前1个月及术后3个月服用妇康片7.5mg/d,并加强围手术期护理。结果:本组手术均顺利,术后3~5d出院,术后随访3~18个月,均无并发症发生。结论:宫腔镜电切术联合妇康片治疗异常子宫出血效果好,创伤小,恢复快,复发少,配合有效护理是预防并发症、促进健康的关键。     

Photoinitiating Ability of Pyrene–Chalcone-Based Oxime Esters with Different Substituents

With the rapid development of new irradiation setups as well as the ongoing interest in 3D printing, photopolymerization is extensively studied during the last decades. In photopolymerization, a photoinitiator and/or photosensitizer play(s) a crucial role in the photoinitiation step as this component absorbs light, thus creating the initiating species. In this study, a series of 17 chalcone-based oxime esters (OXEs) featuring the pyrene chromophore are designed, synthesized, and studied for their photoinitiation properties upon irradiation with visible light. Precisely, their photoinitiation abilities are examined during the free radical photopolymerization of acrylates under the irradiation of light-emitting diode (LED) at 405 nm. In the series of oxime esters, five of them demonstrate excellent photoinitiation abilities. Their thermal initiation abilities are also examined. To improve their photoinitiation abilities, these type I photoinitiators are also tested as type II photoinitiators in two-component photoinitiating systems using bis-(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium or ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate as additives. In this process, the OXE-B/iodonium system shows the best photopolymerization. To develop the use of these chalcone-based oxime esters, the best OXE is used as a monocomponent photoinitiating system in 2D laser writing at 405 nm. The design of composites using glass fibers or carbon fiber as fillers is also examined.     

Design and Applications of Dynamic Hydrogels Based on Reversible C═N Bonds

Dynamic hydrogels offer the opportunity to meet the expectations of smart materials with adaptable properties such as stimuli responsiveness, self-healing, shear thinning, stress relaxation, dynamic viscoelasticity, energy dissipation mechanisms, time-dependent adaptation, etc. In the past decades, reversible C═N bonds including imine, hydrazone, and oxime have received great research interest in the design of dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). Moreover, reversible C═N bonds can be well-integrated into DPNs in combination with permanent covalent crosslinks and/or other dynamic bonds (supramolecular interactions and dynamic covalent bonds), thus outfitting the hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties, multiresponsiveness, printability, adhesion, and various other functions. This literature review first describes how reversible C═N bonds can be introduced into hydrogels from the perspective of dynamic bonds and network topologies. The design strategies (building blocks, crosslink type combinations, network topologies) reported in the literature are then discussed, as well as the effects of dynamic crosslinking on the hydrogel properties and the potential applications.