Mediastinal lymph node metastasis of colon cancer: Report of a case

We herein describe a patient with mediastinal lymph node metastases which occurred after both a primary sigmoid colon cancer and metachronous ovarian metastasis had been resected. The most likely route of metastases to the mediastinum in this case is the paravertebral venous plexus probably connected to the ovarian metastasis, or so-called remetastasis. This case illustrates that the mediastinum is thus a possible metastatic site in patients with colon cancer. Surgeons should therefore pay attention to the mediastinum as well as the lung fields when checking chest X-ray films during a follow-up of patients after a resection of colon cancer.     

Lymph Node Tumor Volumes in Patients Undergoing Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Cutaneous Melanoma

Background: Regional lymph node tumor volumes in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy (SNB) for treatment of cutaneous melanoma have not been described. The objectives of this study were to describe the lymph node tumor volumes typically seen in this population and to correlate tumor volumes with tumor thickness and positive SN characteristics.Methods: Review of a consecutive series of patients with clinically localized cutaneous melanoma who underwent SNB of nonpalpable regional lymph node basins followed by complete lymphadenectomy (LND) was performed. Multiple lymph node sections from positive SNs and nonsentinel nodes (NSNs) in LND specimens were examined microscopically. Individual tumor deposit diameters were measured using an ocular micrometer. Aggregate tumor volumes were calculated for SN and LND specimens. Tumor volumes and SN and LND positivity rates were correlated with tumor thickness, the number of positive SNs, and the presence of multiple SN tumor deposits.Results: SNB procedures were performed for 149 melanomas in 189 regional nodal basins. The mean tumor depth was 2.48 mm. The mean number of SNs/basin was 2.1. Thirty-two of 149 SNB procedures (21.5%) revealed a total of 34 nodal basins with at least one positive SN. The median tumor volume in positive SNs was 4.7 mm³ (range, 0.1-3618 mm³; mean, 209 mm³). The median aggregate tumor volume in positive LND specimens was 4.9 mm³ (range, 0.1-3618 mm³; mean, 224 mm³). Six basins (17.6%) contained at least one positive NSN. The regional node aggregate tumor volume correlated weakly with tumor thickness (Pearsons correlation coefficient = .302, P = .0934). NSN positivity was not predicted by tumor thickness, American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor stage, number of positive SNs, or number of metastatic deposits within SNs.Conclusions: Most melanoma-positive SNs contain minute tumor volumes. Tumor thickness and patterns of SN metastases may not be predictive of tumor burden or the presence of positive NSNs.     

胎儿房室结微血管构筑的扫描电镜观察

用血管铸型结合扫描电镜方法观察了7例胎儿房室结微血管构筑.微动脉反复分支呈树状,行走方式呈波浪形或螺旋形.毛细血管网可分为内外两层:外层纵行为主,以"H"或"Y"形吻合;内层弯曲行走为主,并互相交错吻合.以房室结动脉主干为界,其下方毛细血管密度较大,其上方及前方较小.房室结的上方、前下方和后下方均有微动脉连接毛细血管网.整个结的毛细血管大致可分为结后部上方、下方及前部三个区域.靠毛细血管网外层处可见管径较粗、呈袋状的微静脉.     

食管癌淋巴结转移的临床病理因素

目的 探讨食管癌淋巴结转移的临床病理相关因素。方法 对204例食管癌根治标本进行统计,分析各主要临床病理改变与淋巴结转移关系。结果 204例食管癌中有淋巴结转移者89例,淋巴结转移率为43.6％。胸中段癌淋巴结转移率为48.0％,胸上段癌和胸下段癌的淋巴结转移率分别为32.0％和26.9％。髓质型和溃疡型淋巴结转移率分别为47.6％和56.0％,除缩窄型外其他类型转移率最高者为21.4％。男性患者淋巴结转移率为54.3％,女性淋巴结转移率为28.4％。浸润至黏膜层和黏膜下层者,未发现淋巴结转移,浸润至浅肌层、深肌层、纤维膜者淋巴结转移率分别为28.6％、45.6％和48.8％。以上四种因素中前后两者间比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。淋巴结转移率与年龄无关,也不随肿瘤大小的增加而增加。结论 男性食管胸中段癌患者淋巴结转移率较高,尤其当肿物为髓质型和溃疡型时最为显著。     

喉癌组织恶性度与颈淋巴结转移关系

采用五因素评点法对４０例喉鳞癌进行组织学和临床方面的研究。结果表明，组织恶性度与Ｔ分期无相关性，浸润方式弥散及恶性度高（评分≥１１）的肿瘤发生颈淋巴结转移率显著高于有完整肿瘤边界者及恶性度低（评分≤１０）者。提示喉癌组织恶性度在预测颈淋巴结转移上有实用价值，可临导临床治疗方案的选择。     

静脉注射免疫球蛋白对急性川崎病患儿淋巴细胞凋亡的影响

通过观察静脉注射免疫球蛋白（ＩＶＩＧ）对川崎病（ＫＤ）患儿淋巴细胞凋亡（ＡＰＯ）的影响，进一步探讨ＩＶＩＧ对免疫性疾病的作用机理。对２６例川崎病患儿和２０名健康儿童外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）经抗－ＣＤ３单克隆抗体刺激培养不同时间（０，１２，２４，４８，７２小时）ＡＰＯ百分率和ＤＮＡ片断化分析，２６例患儿随机分为两组，阿司匹林＋ＩＶＩＧ治疗组（ｎ＝１６）和阿司匹林治疗组（ｎ＝１０），并对ＰＢＭＣ经植物血凝素（ＰＨＡ）刺激淋巴细胞增殖反应进行了观察。结果：ＫＤ患儿ＡＰＯ百分率和ＤＮＡ片断化较正常儿童明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）和延迟；ＩＶＩＧ治疗后，降低的ＡＰＯ百分率和延迟的ＤＮＡ片断化被逆转，同时与单用阿司匹林组比较，临床症状明显改善。淋巴细胞增殖反应下调（Ｐ＜０．００１）。外周血淋巴细胞ＡＰＯ下调可能参与了ＫＤ的发病。ＩＶＩＧ治疗ＫＤ的机理可能部分归于对被抑制的淋巴细胞ＡＰＯ的逆转。ＩＶＩＧ对其它淋巴细胞凋亡不足的自身免疫性疾病治疗可能存在同样机理。     

阿霉素脂质体淋巴管灌注的靶向效果

目的：探讨阿霉素脂质体经淋巴管灌注后的体内动力学过程以及靶向效果。方法：将６０只家兔随机分为阿霉素脂质体和阿霉素水溶液两组，从家兔足背淋巴管给药，采用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）法检测给药后各时点外周血及腹膜后淋巴结中阿霉素药物浓度，并将摘取的淋巴结作病理检查。结果：水溶液组腹膜后淋巴结阿霉素峰浓度（Ｃｍａｘ）为４６．８１μｇ／ｇ，药时曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）为３１．８６μｇ／ｄａｙｇ－１；而脂质体组阿霉素峰浓度为９１．２３μｇ／ｇ，ＡＵＣ为１３８．３４μｇ／ｄａｙｇ－１。在外周血中脂质体组的峰浓度只有水溶液组的１／５。淋巴结病理检查结果表明，脂质体组的水肿、坏死、纤维化较水溶液组明显，而心肌病理反应较轻或不存在。结论：脂质体对淋巴结具有高度靶向性，阿霉素脂质体淋巴管灌注有可能成为治疗淋巴结转移的有效且副作用少的新方法。     

Seven-year survivor with malignant melanoma of the anus without radical surgery

We report a case of a long-term survivor with malignant melanoma of the anus who did not undergo radical surgery. A 71-year-old woman who presented with anal bleeding and anal tumor underwent an excisional biopsy in September 1985. The biopsy specimen was a lobulated, polypoid, pigmented mass 2 cm in diameter, that had been located on the anterior wall of the anus. A satellite nodule 7 mm in diameter was found on the left wall of the anus at the level of the dentate line. Both tumors were histologically diagnosed as malignant melanoma. The primary tumor was 6 mm thick. Melanoma cells were present microscopically at the cut end of the rectum. Because of her history of ischemic heart disease, the patient rejected our recommendation that she undergo radical surgery, and received 10 courses of carboplatin 20 mg intramuscularly and OK-432 10 K.E. (Klinische Einheit) intradermally every week. A single, pigmented metastatic inguinal lymph node developed and was excised in June 1987. A recurrent tumor was detected in the rectum in October 1992, so again we recommended radical surgery. The patient rejected radical surgery again, and received 12 courses of carboplatin 10 mg intramuscularly every 2 weeks. She died of disease at home in July 1993 after surviving for 7 years and 10 months. An autopsy was not performed. This case shows that local excision of the primary lesion may be appropriate to preserve the quality of life of patients with early-stage malignant melanoma of the anus.     

Hospital-related differences in breast cancer management

A retrospective review is presented of 1353 consecutivepatients with histopathologically confirmed invasive breast carcinoma treatedradically with curative intent during the decade 1980–89.None had received adjuvant systemic therapy with hormonesor prolonged chemotherapy. The distribution of lymph-node negative(N–) and lymph-node positive (N+) patients was 75%and 25%, respectively.The treatment and outcome were analysed as regardsconventional prognostic parameters, in particular considering the axillarylymph-node status and the responsible hospital category (GeneralMunicipal Hospitals (MH)) versus Comprehensive Cancer Center (CC)).The most striking difference was detected as regardsthe number of examined lymph nodes. The mediannumber of nodes described at the MH was7, as compared to 14 at the CC(p < 0.001). In patients with pT1 tumoursthe highest rate of lymph-node positivity was observedwhen 10 or more axillary nodes were removed.Adjuvant radiotherapy reduced the loco-regional recurrence rate inthe N– patients, whereas only the regional recurrenceswere reduced among the N+ patients. The five-and 10-year tumor-related survival rates were 86% and76%, respectively, with no difference between the MHand the CC.As life-prolonging adjuvant hormone therapy and chemotherapy isnow available for patients with axillary lymph nodemetastases, it is important that patients with breastcancer are operated adequately with the aim toremove at least 10 axillary lymph nodes. Athorough examination of the axillary content should beperformed by the pathologist, and the number ofresected lymph nodes and metastases should be reported.The establishment of nation-wide standard criteria for themanagement of breast cancer is recommended.     

声门上型喉癌临床N_0病理转移的观察

目的：为探讨喉癌颈淋巴结转移的规律，选择手术方法。方法：采用１１０例临床Ｎ０声门上型喉癌的１６４侧颈廓清术标本淋巴结连续切片方法观察。结果：发现颈淋巴结转移率为３５．５％（３９／１００）。提出临床Ｎ０病理转移的特点：１）转移淋巴结大小大多数介于０．５～１．５之间占８４．２％。２）转移淋巴结大多数为早期侵入期和生长发展期占８６．０％。３）转移淋巴结绝大多数为单发型占７４．４％。４）各个Ｔ分期均有转移淋巴结。结论：在颈淋巴结处理上，我们支持尽可能同期行选择性颈廓清术的观点