脂质体转染细胞周期素B1反义脱氧寡核苷酸对HL60细胞增殖调控的影响

目的:探讨脂质体转染细胞周期素B1(cyclinB1)反义脱氧寡核苷酸(ASON)对HL60细胞增殖调控的作用。方法:用针对cyclinB1mRNA5’端编码区起始密码子(ATG/AUG)的ASON,通过脂质体导入HL60细胞共培养后,用流式细胞术(FCM)和RT-PCR分别检测cyclinB1蛋白和mRNA的表达水平,电镜和原位细胞凋亡检测法(POD)、FCM及DNA凝胶电泳法检测细胞凋亡。结果:CyclinB1ASON组与SON及空白对照组相比,ASON能特异地抑制cyclinB1蛋白及mRNA水平的表达,当ASON的浓度达到一定程度时,HL60细胞的增殖及集落形成率均明显受抑制,出现细胞凋亡,并且此作用随ASON浓度的升高而增强。结论:CyclinB1的特异ASON能封闭其蛋白及mRNA的表达水平,可剂量依赖性地抑制白血病细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。     

L-精氨酸脂质体对慢性低O2高CO2肺血管L-精氨酸转运的影响

目的:探讨慢性低O₂高CO₂对大鼠肺动脉L-精氨酸(L-Arg)转运的影响与L-Arg脂质体的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分成4组,正常对照组(NC)、单纯低O₂高CO₂组(HH)、低O₂高CO2加L-Arg组(HL)和低O₂高CO₂加L-Arg脂质体组(HP)。将肺动脉孵育,测定其对[³H]-L-Arg的摄取率,同时光镜下观察肺细小动脉显微结构的变化。结果:(1)肺动脉平均压(mPAP)、右心室(RV)和左心室加室间隔(LV+S)重量比值(RV/LV+S)比较:HH组明显高于NC组(P<0.05),HP组明显低于HH组及HL组(P<0.01);HL组与HH组相比无显著差别(P>0.05)。(2)肺动脉薄片对0.005mmol/L、0.01mmol/L、0.02mmol/L、0.05mmol/L、0.1mmol/L和0.2mmol/L[³H]-L-Arg摄取率比较:HH组明显低于NC组,HL组明显高于HH组;HP组显著高于HH组及HL组(P<0.01)。(3)光镜下HH组肺细小动脉内弹力板扭曲,中膜平滑肌细胞增生,管腔明显狭窄;HP组肺细小动脉内弹力板扭曲明显减轻,中膜平滑肌层变薄,管壁较均匀一致。结论:慢性低O₂高CO₂大鼠肺血管存在L-Arg的转运障碍,用脂质体作为载体可显著提高肺血管对L-Arg的跨膜转运,L-Arg脂质体治疗慢性肺动脉高压具有潜在临床应用价值。     

Nucleolin-targeting liposomes guided by aptamer AS1411 for the delivery of siRNA for the treatment of malignant melanomas

BRAF gene mutation is found in more than 60% of malignant melanomas, which are difficult to treat. In this study, a new tumor-targeting liposome was developed to deliver anti-BRAF siRNA (siBraf) for the treatment of melanomas. Nucleolin is overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. AS1411, an aptamer showing specific binding to nucleolin, was conjugated to PEGylated cationic liposome as the targeting probe ASLP (AS1411–PEG-liposome). The ASLP/siRNA complex was formed through electrostatic interaction between ASLP and siRNA. The binding of AS1411 to the surface of PEGylated liposomes was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that ASLP/siBraf exhibited strong silencing activity of BRAF gene. The much higher accumulation of the siRNA in tumor cells comparing with normal cells indicated that ASLP displayed excellent tumor-targeting capability. Notably, ASLP/siBraf showed significant silencing activity in A375 tumor xenograft mice and inhibited the melanoma growth. These results suggested that the new nucleolin-targeted siRNA delivery system by AS1411 may have the potential for the treatment of melanoma.     

Targeting efficiency of RGD-modified nanocarriers with different ligand intervals in response to integrin αvβ3 clustering

Receptor change induced by ligand binding is a new issue to face in the field of targeted delivery. Receptor clustering, the main pattern of receptor changes, decreases the affinity between ligand and receptor due to the redistribution of receptor position. In an attempt to respond to such challenge, we designed and constructed three RGD-modified nanocarriers with different ligand intervals: stealth liposomes modified with the monomeric RGD (moRGD-LP), dimeric RGD (diRGD-LP) and a special dimeric RGD with a linker between two cyclic RGD motifs (P-diRGD-LP). The αvβ3-positive and -negative tumor cells (Melanoma B16 and MCF-7) were used as the cell models. As a result, P-diRGD-LP demonstrated strongest interaction with B16 cells in surface plasmon resonance study and highest cellular uptake in B16 cells in real-time confocal analysis. The enhanced endocytosis of P-diRGD-LP was found to be αvβ3-mediated and P-diRGD-LP increased the involvement of the clathrin-dependent pathway. Importantly, P-diRGD-LP demonstrated the best targeting effect in B16-tumor bearing mice in both in vivo and ex vivo near-infrared fluorescent images, about 2.4-fold that of moRGD-LP and 2.8-fold that of diRGD-LP at 3 h. Further, we validated integrin αvβ3 clustering on B16 cells via a single-molecule imaging by a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Finally, the 3D models of αvβ3 clustering suggested a receptor interval within 41.916–65.779 Å, while the molecular computation revealed an RGD ligand interval of 20.944 Å, 42.753 Å and 78.196 Å for diRGD-LP, P-diRGD-LP and moRGD-LP, respectively, confirming the best matching between clustered αvβ3 and P-diRGD-LP. In conclusion, P-diRGD-LP could achieve higher targeting to αvβ3-positive tumor via the enhanced interaction based on the better ligand-receptor compatibility. The design of targeted nanocarriers against receptor clustering might provide new insight into the nanotechnology-based anticancer therapy.     

Hepatitis B virus preS1-derived lipopeptide functionalized liposomes for targeting of hepatic cells

To enhance the liver-specific delivery, HBVpreS/2-48^myr (HBVP), a synthetic HBVpreS-derived lipopeptide endowed with compelling liver tropism, was conjugated to PEGylated liposomes (HBVP-Lip) for hepatic cell-specific delivery. Compared with the non-targeted liposomes, a significantly higher amount of HBVP-Lip were taken up by the primary mice hepatocytes through a receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanism. The endocytosis inhibition assay demonstrated that the endocytosis of HBVP-Lip was mediated mainly by caveolin and clathrin. After systemic administration in mice, HBVP-Lip could be specifically internalized into hepatocytes efficaciously. Furthermore, the hepatoprotective effects of HBVP-Lip loaded with silybin (SLB) on carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver damage were remarkably stronger than the SLB solution and SLB loaded non-targeted liposomes. Preliminary safety results suggested that no acute systemic toxicity or immunotoxicity was observed after intravenous administration with HBVP-Lip. These results indicated that the HBVP-Lip could deliver the payloads to the hepatocytes with high specificity in vitro and in vivo, and raise new possibilities for liver-specific drug delivery systems, gene delivery systems, and bio-imaging systems.     

表达载体介导的反义RNA抑制人巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的表达

目的：研究表达载体介导的反义RNA对人巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)表达的抑制作用。 方法:用亚克隆技术构建可转录MIF反义RNA的真核表达载体pcDNA3-antiMIF。用lipofectamine2000分别将pcDNA3、pcDNA3-antiMIF转染可表达MIF的HEK293(293-MIF)细胞，用Real-time定量PCR鉴定MIF mRNA表达水平。将pcDNA3-antiMIF转化人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVECs)，建立可表达MIF反义RNA的HUVECs(HUVECs-antiMIF)细胞。将MIF的真核表达载体pSecTag-MIF转染HUVECs-antiMIF，用Real-time定量PCR鉴定MIF mRNA的表达水平。 结果:正确构建了MIF反义RNA的表达载体pcDNA3-antiMIF。MIF 反义RNA对293-MIF细胞中MIF表达的抑制水平达32%（P<0.05）。建立稳定表达MIF反义RNA的HUVECs-antiMIF细胞株。HUVECs-antiMIF中MIF的表达受到抑制，表达水平降低40%（P<0.05）。 结论:表达载体介导的反义RNA能有效地抑制MIF的表达，建立了稳定表达MIF反义RNA的HUVECs。     

Chemotherapeutic activity of liposomal SJA-95: A new polyene macrolide antibiotic in experimental aspergillosis and cryptococcosis

The incidence of systemic fungal infections that has risen dramatically over the past three decades has propelled a continuous need for more potent antifungal drugs. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the chemotherapeutic activity of a new heptaene polyene macrolide antibiotic (SJA-95) and liposomal incorporated SJA-95 (lip. SJA-95) in a mouse model of aspergillosis and cryptococcosis respectively. Lip. SJA-95 was prepared in our laboratory by the proliposome method involving incorporation of the antifungal into the proliposome mixture and its subsequent conversion into a liposomal dispersion by a simple dilution step. Treatment with free SJA-95 and lip. SJA-95, both in aspergillosis and cryptococcosis, progressively prolonged the survival time and decreased the fungal loads in vital organs respectively. A higher LD₅₀ value of lip. SJA as compared to that of free SJA-95 was indicative of reduced toxicity of lip. SJA-95. Our findings suggest lip. SJA-95 treatment results in prolonged survival time, effective microbiological clearance and reduced toxicity that might help to establish its usefulness as a chemotherapeutic agent in systemic fungal infections with fewer adverse reactions.     

Pharmacokinetic behavior and antineoplastic activity of liposomal hexadecylphosphocholine

Hexadecylphosphocholine (HePC) shows remarkable antineoplastic efficacy in Sprague-Dawley rats bearing methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinoma. Unfortunately, this is accompanied by detrimental side effects that include gastrointestinal damage, body weight loss, and thrombophlebitis after i.v. injection, which has precluded the use of the HePC in humans, where nausea and vomiting can occur at noneffective dose levels. We have developed small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) composed of HePC, cholesterol, and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol, which can be given p. o. and i.v. In contrast to the free drug, the toxicity of liposomal HePC is shown to be greatly reduced, and there is no risk of thrombophlebitis. Single administration of equimolar HePC doses results in differing pharmacokinetic values for free HePC (p. o.) and HePC-SUVs (p. o., i.v.).Abbreviations AUC area under the curve - BWC body weight change - Clast fast measured concentration - C _max peak concentration - Cl _tot total body clearance - Chol cholesterol - DMBA dimethylbenz(a)anthracene - HVD half-value duration - HePC hexadecylphosphocholine - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - HPTLC high-performance thin-layer chromatography - k elimination constant - MNU methylnitrosourea - PPG3PG 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol - 5-D Sprague-Dawley - SUV small unilamellar vesicle - t _a distribution half-life - t _B terminal elimination half-life - t _1/2 half-life - t _max peak time - T/C quotient of median tumor volumes of treated and control groups - V _d relative volume of distribution     

A two-step targeting approach for delivery of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes to tumour cells in vivo

A two-step targeting approach was used to deliver doxorubicin-loaded liposomes to a murine tumour cell (P388 leukaemia) grown in culture and, more importantly, in vivo. Targeting was mediated through the use of an antibody specific for the Thy 1.2 antigen that is highly expressed on P388 cells. Briefly, the approach consists of prelabeling target cells with biotinylated anti-Thy 1.2 antibody prior to administration of drug-loaded liposomes that have streptavidin covalently attached to their surface. Results from in vitro studies demonstrate that a 30-fold increase in cell-associated lipid and a 20-fold increase in cell-associated doxorubicin can be achieved over control liposomes using this two-step procedure. Flow-cytometry and fluorescent-microscopy data were used to confirm that P388 cells can be stably labeled with the biotinylated anti-Thy 1.2 antibody in vivo. Subsequently, liposome-targeting studies were initiated in vivo, where target cell binding was assessed following i.p. or i.v. injection of doxorubicinloaded liposomes into animals bearing P388 tumours prelabeled with biotinylated antibody. A streptavidin-mediated 3.7-fold increase in cell-associated lipid and drug was achieved when the liposomes were given i.p. When doxorubicin-loaded streptavidin liposomes were injected i.v., P388 cells located in the peritoneal cavity were specifically labeled, although the efficiency of this targeting reaction was low. Less than a 2-fold increase in cell-associated lipid was achieved through the use of target-specific (streptavidin-coated) liposomes. These studies demonstrate that the presence of a well-labeled target cell population within the peritoneal cavity will not promote accumulation of an i.v. injected, targeted liposomal drug. Furthermore, the importance of separating target-cell-specific binding from non-specific uptake by tumour-associated macrophages is discussed.     

阿霉素脂质体腹腔内注射的药动学动物实验研究

应用薄膜法制备小单层脂质体，阿霉素包封率为３８．４３％±３．４６％，平均每个单抗携带阿霉素分子９．６个，每个单抗携带脂质体阿霉素分子３３６个。应用ＡＤＭ、ＡＤＭ脂质体、ＭｃＡｂ－ＡＤＭ－脂质体各４ｍｇ／４ｍｌ，分别给三组家兔腹腔注射。结果发现腹腔组织中，ＡＵＣ（μｇ·ｈｒ／ｇ）０～２４在脂质体ＡＤＭ组为３１１．９３３，ＡＤＭ组为１１１．８６（Ｐ＜０．０１）。心肌组织中ＡＵＣ（μｇ·ｈｒ／ｇ）０～２４在ＡＤＭ组为７５．３３，脂质全ＡＤＭ组为１１．２９（Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明脂体ＡＤＭ腹腔注射后能在腹腔组织中形成较高浓度，心肌组织内浓度较低，有利于提高化疗效果，降低心肌毒性。