The Risk Factors for Bleeding of Fundal Varices in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

Background/Aims

The relationship between portal hemodynamics and fundal varices has not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to understand the pathophysiology of fundal varices and to investigate bleeding risk factors related to the presence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts, and to examine the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) between fundal varices and other varices.

Methods

In total, 85 patients with cirrhosis who underwent HVPG and gastroscopic examination between July 2009 and March 2011 were included in this study. The interrelationship between HVPG and the types of varices or the presence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts was studied.

Results

There was no significant difference in the HVPG between fundal varices (n=12) and esophageal varices and gastroesophageal varices type 1 (GOV1) groups (n=73) (17.1±7.7 mm Hg vs 19.7±5.3 mm Hg). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the HVPG between varices with spontaneous portosystemic shunts (n=28) and varices without these shunts (n=57) (18.3±5.8 mm Hg vs 17.0±8.1 mm Hg). Spontaneous portosystemic shunts increased in fundal varices compared with esophageal varices and GOV1 (8/12 patients [66.7%] vs 20/73 patients [27.4%]; p=0.016).

Conclusions

Fundal varices had a high prevalence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts compared with other varices. However, the portal pressure in fundal varices was not different from the pressure in esophageal varices and GOV1.     

Congenital lobar emphysema: 30-year case series in two university hospitals

OBJECTIVE:

To review the cases of patients with congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) submitted to surgical treatment at two university hospitals over a 30-year period.

METHODS:

We reviewed the medical records of children with CLE undergoing surgical treatment between 1979 and 2009 at the Botucatu School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas or the Mogi das Cruzes University Hospital. We analyzed data regarding symptoms, physical examination, radiographic findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and postoperative follow-up.

RESULTS:

During the period studied, 20 children with CLE underwent surgery. The mean age at the time of surgery was 6.9 months (range, 9 days to 4 years). All of the cases presented with symptoms at birth or during the first months of life. In all cases, chest X-rays were useful in defining the diagnosis. In cases of moderate respiratory distress, chest CT facilitated the diagnosis. One patient with severe respiratory distress was misdiagnosed with hypertensive pneumothorax and underwent chest tube drainage. Only patients with moderate respiratory distress were submitted to bronchoscopy, which revealed no tracheobronchial abnormalities. The surgical approach was lateral muscle-sparing thoracotomy. The left upper and middle lobes were the most often affected, followed by the right upper lobe. Lobectomy was performed in 18 cases, whereas bilobectomy was performed in 2 (together with bronchogenic cyst resection in 1 of those). No postoperative complications were observed. Postoperative follow-up time was at least 24 months (mean, 60 months), and no late complications were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although CLE is an uncommon, still neglected disease of uncertain etiology, the radiological diagnosis is easily made and surgical treatment is effective.     

Accuracy of Intraoperative Epicardial Echocardiography in the Assessment of Surgical Repair of Congenital Heart Defects confirmed

Objective:

To determine the accuracy of epicardial echocardiography in detecting residual lesions after surgical repair of congenital heart defects. To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive valve, negative predictive valve, and false negative and false positive percentage of the same.

Materials and Methods:

One year hospital-based prospective study of epicardial echocardiography in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for surgical correction of congenital heart defects in children and adults.

Results:

Epicardial echocardiography was done in 158 patients. Residual lesions were detected in 38 patients by epicardial echocardiography. In 28 of these cases the residual lesions were significant. In 24 of them immediate reoperation was done with good outcome. Epicardial echo has high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive valve, in detecting residual lesion with congenital heart defects.

Conclusion:

Routine use of intraoperative epicardial echocardiography allows detection of majority of residual defects. It has high accuracy. There were no complications associated with use of epicardial echocardiography. The use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can be avoided in small children and neonates undergoing cardiac surgery.     

新疆地区107例低体质量婴儿先天性心脏病的外科治疗

目的:探讨新疆地区体质量5 kg以下少数民族婴儿,先天性心脏病(先心病)的外科治疗方法及围术期处理。方法:2006年7月至2011年12月,本院手术治疗5 kg以下先心病患儿107例,年龄11 d至13个月,体质量2.6～5 kg。病种包括:动脉导管未闭(PDA)4例,室间隔缺损(VSD)和(或)房间隔缺损(ASD)54例,其中部分伴动脉导管未闭(PDA)和(或)肺动脉高压(PH),肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS)1例,法洛三联症3例,法洛四联症(TOF)9例,完全性心内膜垫缺损(ECD)9例,右心室双出口(DORV)9例,完全性大血管转位(TGA)8例(室间隔完整4例,室间隔缺损4例),完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)3例,主动脉弓缩窄(COA)并室间隔缺损、房间隔缺损3例,肺动脉闭锁(PA)2例,三尖瓣闭锁(TA)1例,房室连接不一致1例。本组中I期根治手术96例,减状手术11例(肺动脉环缩术6例,中心分流术4例,右心室流出道疏通术1例);体外循环下手术93例,其中深低温停循环3例。结果:本组术后早期死亡6例(5.6%),死于低心排出量综合征(低心排)1例,多脏器衰竭2例,呼吸衰竭2例,凝血功能障碍1例。术后主要并发症:低心排9例,多脏器损害5例,肾衰竭3例,肺部感染28例,心律失常3例,切口感染3例,心包积液2例,残余分流1例及乳糜胸1例。随访2个月～5年,81例无中期死亡,再手术3例。结论:严格评估低体质量先心病患儿手术适应证和时机,加强围手术期处理,是提高治疗效果的关键。     

孤立性纤维瘤的诊断及外科治疗

目的探讨胸膜孤立性纤维瘤的临床特点和外科冶疗。方法分析本院收治的4例经病理明确诊断的孤立性纤维瘤病例。结果患者多无明显症状,均行手术切除,术中探查肿物包膜较完整、大部无外侵,附着在壁层胸膜2例、纵隔胸膜1例、膈肌1例,术后无明显并发症,随访6～57个月,均存活,无转移,无复发。结论胸膜孤立性纤维瘤是一种少见的肿瘤,包括良陛与恶性两类。预后良好生存率高。病理学确诊的良性类型较恶性类型有更高的无瘤生存率。手术切除是治疗此类疾病的首选。     

枕骨大孔减压结合Magerl＋Brooks手术治疗复杂枕颈部畸形的疗效评估

目的探讨枕骨大孔减压结合Magerl＋Brooks手术治疗复杂枕颈部畸形的临床疗效和应用价值。方法 21例复杂枕颈部畸形病例采用枕颈后路枕骨大孔减压治疗脊髓压迫症,同时采用Magerl＋Brooks手术、植骨融合重建枕颈稳定性。结果平均随访12个月,18例神经功能明显改善,3例轻度改善;全部病例得到植骨融合;共置入39枚Magerl螺钉,内固定位置好,无神经血管损伤的并发症。结论枕颈后路枕骨大孔减压（必要时切除寰椎后弓）能够改善复杂枕颈部畸形导致的脊髓压迫症;Magerl＋Brooks手术可以短节段重建枕寰枢稳定性,保证植骨融合;使用计算机导航技术可以准确置入Magerl螺钉,避免神经血管损伤的手术并发症。     

成人法洛四联症根治术65例临床分析

目的总结成人法洛四联症（TOF）的外科手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年8月我院65例成人法洛四联症患者手术治疗的临床资料。所有患者在低温体外循环下行根治术,其中44例采用跨瓣环补片加宽右心室流出道及肺动脉,8例仅行右心室流出道扩大补片,13例疏通流出道后直接缝合右室切口。结果住院期间死亡率3．1％（2／65）,死亡原因均为低心排血量综合征;其余并发症包括室缺残余漏1例,一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞2例未安装永久起博器,心包积液1例,胸腔积液3例,肺不张3例,肺部感染2例,肾衰竭2例（行血液滤过治疗后,1例恢复1例死亡）。随访3-55个月,平均16．6个月,存活63例,心功能Ⅰ级48例（75％）,心功能Ⅱ级15例（25％）。结论彻底矫正畸形、加强心肌保护、避免发生低心排血量综合征、加强术后管理,成人法洛四联症外科手术可取得良好的疗效。     

左位三房心的诊断和外科治疗

三房心是少见的先天性心脏病,占所有先天性心脏畸形的0．1％,男女分布相同。在先天性心脏病死亡患者的尸检中,其发病率上升至0．4％。左位三房心作为单独畸形占33％-50％,合并其他畸形占12％～50％。在此畸形中,肺静脉与左心房之间的连接存在,但肺总静脉与真正左心房之间有梗阻。梗阻以纤维肌性隔膜的形式出现,     

十二指肠乳头腺瘤的内镜治疗

目的 探讨十二指肠乳头内镜下切除术（EP）治疗十二指肠乳头腺瘤（AA）的临床应用价值.方法 回顾分析长海医院消化内镜中心EP治疗AA成功率、并发症发生率、术后残留率及局部复发率等.结果 2005年7月至2009年7月EP治疗经内镜及病理确诊的从19例：散发AA18例（94.7%）,其中十二指肠多发腺瘤合并AA 1例;家族性腺瘤性息肉病并AA 1例（5.3%）.EP治疗一次性整块切除11例（57.9%）,分片切除8例（42.1%）.平均随访24.5个月（7～48个月）,首次EP后残留4例（21.1%）,EP治疗成功率为89.5%（17/19）.近期并发症：出血3例,轻症急性胰腺炎3例,急性胆管炎2例;远期并发症：胆管下端开口狭窄合并急性胆管炎1例,长期胆管支架置入后合并胆总管多发结石及急性胆管炎各1例.未发生穿孔等严重并发症以及EP术中转手术或死亡.结论 EP是治疗AA及其早期癌变的一种安全、有效的方法.     

HIV实验室检测技术进展

HIV实验室检测技术对AIDS的诊断、治疗及疫情监测极其重要。随着AIDS防治工作的不断深化,实验室检测技术也在不断发展,不仅抗原抗体检测、核酸检测及免疫学检测等常规技术得到了进一步完善,还出现了BED捕获酶免疫试验、滤纸干血片技术、新生儿早期诊断及超敏反应基因检测等以更好监测、更早诊断及更好治疗为目的的新技术。本文对HIV实验室检测技术进展进行了阐述。