自噬抑制剂在内质网应激状态下对肝癌HepG2细胞和正常肝细胞L-02作用的差异

目的：研究自噬在内质网应激( ERS)状态下对肝癌HepG2细胞和正常肝细胞L-02作用的差异。方法体外常规培养的人肝癌HepG2细胞和正常肝细胞L-02,分别给予衣霉素( TM)单药和TM联合自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤( TM+3-MA)或氯喹( TM+CQ)作用12、24、48 h后,采用噻唑蓝( MTT)法检测细胞活力变化,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率, Western blot法检测自噬蛋白LC3的变化。结果 TM可引起HepG2细胞和L-02细胞死亡并呈时间依赖关系,3-MA或CQ均可增加TM对HepG2细胞的生长抑制作用,24 h细胞存活率分别为TM+3-MA组(60%)、TM+CQ组(72%)、TM组(86%),差异有统计学意义(P<0．01);但对于L-02细胞,其存活率分别为83%、84%、83%,活力没有明显差异;流式细胞术显示TM+3-MA、TM+CQ和TM组对HepG2细胞的凋亡率分别为15%、11%、7%,差异有统计学意义( P<0．01),但对L-02细胞,凋亡率分别为16%、17%、16%,未见明显差异;Western blot法结果显示TM作用引起两种细胞自噬增加,自噬抑制剂3-MA与CQ可引起两种细胞自噬作用减弱。结论自噬抑制剂(3-MA 或 CQ)均可显著增加TM对肝癌HepG2细胞的生长抑制作用,但对正常肝细胞L-02的生长抑制作用差异无统计学意义。自噬在ERS状态下可对肝癌细胞的生存提供保护,但对正常肝细胞无保护作用。     

MANF蛋白表达水平与肝纤维化程度的相关性研究

目的：探讨中脑星形胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(MANF)蛋白在慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染患者肝纤维化发生发展中的作用及其与临床特点的相关性。方法采用相对和绝对定量同位素标记( ITRAQ)蛋白质组学和免疫组化法检测肝脏穿刺组织中MANF蛋白的表达,分析其表达水平与肝脏炎症纤维化分期的关系;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测正常对照( NC)、乙肝病毒携带者( ASC)、慢性乙型肝炎患者( CHB)及乙肝后肝硬化患者( LC)外周血白细胞中MANF mRNA的表达水平,分析其与不同阶段慢性HBV感染者的临床病毒学和生化学指标的相关性。结果 MANF蛋白主要在肝细胞质中表达,其表达水平随着肝脏炎症及纤维化的程度加重而升高。 NC 组、ASC 组和 CHB 组分别与LC组比较,MANF mRNA的表达差异均有统计学意义( P<0．01)。 MANF mRNA 的表达水平在乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)<1．5×106 IU/L、(1．5×106~2．0×107) IU/L和>2．0×107 IU/L 3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);在乙肝病毒e抗原( HBeAg)阳性组与阴性组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0．01);在胆红素正常组与异常组之间差异有统计学意义( P <0．01)。结论 MANF 蛋白可能参与了慢性HBV感染者肝纤维化的发生发展,并与其临床特点相关。     

内质网应激与相关眼科疾病

内质网是一个非常重要的细胞器.当内质网应激发生,细胞内信号分子活化,启动未折叠蛋白反应,细胞最终得以适应性存活或者启动凋亡.诸如白内障、糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)、青光眼、色素性视网膜炎(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)等眼科疾病的发生和发展都与内质网应激过程密切相关,就此研究动态予以综述.     

Emodin induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells via mitochondria- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related pathways

Aim: Emodin showed anti-cancer activity against multiple human malignant tumors by inducing apoptosis. However, the apoptotic inducing effect against human osteosarcoma and related mechanism are still not studied. This study was aimed to investigate them. Methods: Emodin was used to incubate human OS cell U2OS cells at serially diluted concentrations. Hoechst staining was used to evaluate apoptosis; flow cytometry was applied to assess the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); intracellular ROS generation was detected by DCFH-DA staining; endoplasmic reticulum stress activation was examined by western blotting. Results: Cell apoptosis of U2OS cells was induced by emodin incubation in a concentration-dependent manner; MMP collapse and ROS generation were identified at starting concentration of 80 μmol/L of emodin in a concentration-dependent manner. ER stress activation was found at beginning concentration of 40 μmol/L of emodin. The MMP collapse was inhibited while the ER stress was not inhibited by NAC administration. Conclusions: Emodin induces death of human osteosarcoma cells by initiating ROS-dependent mitochondria-induced and ROS-independent ER stress-induced apoptosis.     

Increased expression of 78 kD glucose-regulated protein promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a rat model of liver cirrhosis

Aims: This study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of 78 kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) in cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a rat model of liver cirrhosis. Methods: A rat model of liver cirrhosis was established with multiple pathogenic factors. A total of 42 male SD rats were randomly divided into the liver cirrhosis group and control group. Cardiac structure analysis was performed to assess alterations in cardiac structure. Cardiomyocytes apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. Expression of GRP78, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 subunit (NF-κB p65) and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results: The ratios of left ventricular wall thickness to heart weight and heart weight to body weight were significantly increased with the progression of liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). Apoptosis index of cardiomyocytes was significantly increased with the progression of liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). The expression levels of GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12 were significantly increased in the progression of liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). The expression levels of NF-κB p65 and Bcl-2 were highest in the 4-wk liver cirrhosis, and they were decreased in the 6-wk and 8-wk in the progression of liver cirrhosis. GRP78 expression levels were positively correlated with apoptosis index, CHOP and caspase-12 expression levels (P < 0.05). CHOP expression levels were negatively correlated with NF-κB p65 and Bcl-2 expression levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Increased expression of GRP78 promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.     

去甲斑蝥素对人胰腺癌PANC-1 细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的 探讨去甲斑蝥素对人胰腺癌PANC-1细胞凋亡的作用及其机制。方法 将PANC-1 细胞株随机分为处理组 和对照组,处理组加入不同浓度的去甲斑蝥素培养24h后,CCK-8 法检测细胞增殖情况;流式细胞术分析细胞的凋亡情况;免疫印迹法检测细胞内质网应激和凋亡相关蛋白的表达;荧光定量PCR 技术检测细胞内质网应激和凋亡相关蛋白mRNA表达。结果 不同浓度去甲斑蝥素处理PANC-1细胞24h后,与对照组相比,能降低细胞的存活率并诱导其凋亡。与对照组相比,处理组中内质网应激和凋亡相关蛋白的表达水平均上调（均P＜0.05）,同时其mRNA 的表达水平亦均上调（均P＜0.05）。结论 去甲斑蝥素能明显抑制人胰腺癌PANC-1 细胞的生长并诱导其凋亡,并且具有浓度依赖性,这一作用可能是通过内质网应激介导的凋亡途径实现的。     

Intermedin modulates hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling by inhibiting pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation

BackgroundHypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disabling disease with limited treatment options. Hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling is a major cause of hypoxic PAH. Pharmacological agents that can inhibit the remodeling process may have great therapeutic value.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of intermedin (IMD), a new calcitonin gene-related peptide family of peptide, on hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling.MethodsRats were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (∼10% O₂), or exposed to hypoxia and treated with IMD, administered by an implanted mini-osmotic pump (6.5 μg/rat/day), for 4 weeks. The effects of IMD infusion on the development of hypoxic PAH and right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, on pulmonary vascular remodeling, on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and apoptosis, and on the activations of l-arginine nitric oxide (NO) pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptotic pathway were examined.ResultsRats exposed to hypoxia developed PAH and RV hypertrophy. IMD treatment alleviated PAH and prevented RV hypertrophy. IMD inhibited hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling as indicated by reduced wall thickness and increased lumen diameter of pulmonary arterioles, and decreased muscularization of distal pulmonary vasculature in hypoxia-exposed rats. IMD treatment inhibited PASMC proliferation and promoted PASMC apoptosis. IMD treatment increased tissue level of constitutive NO synthase activity and tissue NO content in lungs, and enhanced l-arginine uptake into pulmonary vascular tissues. IMD treatment increased cellular levels of glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 and GRP94, two major markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and increased caspase-12 expression, the ER stress-specific caspase, in lungs and cultured PASMCs.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that IMD treatment attenuates hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling, and thereby hypoxic PAH mainly by inhibiting PASMC proliferation. Promotion of PASMC apoptosis may also contribute to the inhibitory effect of IMD. Activations l-arginine–NO pathway and of ER stress-specific apoptosis pathway could be the mechanisms mediating the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of IMD.     

载脂蛋白A-I模拟肽D-4F对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞清道夫受体A1的抑制作用

 目的:研究载脂蛋白A-I模拟肽D-4F对氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxidized low-density lipoprotein,ox-LDL）所诱导的巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞清道夫受体A1（scavenger receptor A1,SR-A1）的抑制作用及其机制。方法:体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,给予不同浓度的D-4F（12.5、25和50 mg/L）、紊乱模拟肽sD-4F（50 mmol/L）处理1 h或者5 mmol/L内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS）抑制剂 4-苯丁酸处理30 min后,再加入ox-LDL （100 mg/L）继续培养12 h。另外培养巨噬细胞给予50 mg/L D-4F 或sD-4F 处理1 h,再加入2 mg/L ERS诱导剂衣霉素（tunicamycin,TM）处理4 h。MTT法检测细胞活力;试剂盒检测细胞内总胆固醇含量;分别采用免疫印迹法和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（real-time PCR）技术检测SR-A1和ERS标志分子葡萄糖调节蛋白78 （glucose-regulated protein 78,GRP78）蛋白和mRNA表达变化;采用多功能酶标仪检测DiI-ox-LDL摄取情况。结果:D-4F明显减轻ox-LDL所诱导的巨噬细胞损伤和细胞内的胆固醇蓄积。ox-LDL可显著上调SR-A1和GRP78表达,而D-4F对上述变化具有明显抑制作用,且呈浓度依赖性。D-4F显著抑制TM所诱导的SR-A1和GRP78蛋白水平以及巨噬细胞对ox-LDL的摄取。结论: D-4F可通过抑制SR-A1 表达减轻ox-LDL所诱导的巨噬细胞内胆固醇蓄积和细胞损伤,其机制可能与抑制GRP78介导的ERS信号途径有关。