The hormonal responses to repetitive brief maximal exercise in humans

Summary The responses of nine men and nine women to brief repetitive maximal exercise have been studied. The exercise involved a 6-s sprint on a non-motorised treadmill repeated 10 times with 30 s recovery between each sprint. The total work done during the ten sprints was 37,693±3,956 J by the men and 26,555±4,589 J by the women (M > F,P<0.01). This difference in performance was not associated with higher blood lactate concentrations in the men (13.96± 1.70 mmol·^–1) than the women (13.09±3.04 mmol·l^–1). An 18-fold increase in plasma adrenaline (AD) occurred with the peak concentration observed after five sprints. The peak AD concentration in the men was larger than that seen in the women (9.2 +- 7.3 and 3.7 ± 2.4 nmol · l^–1 respectively,P<0.05). The maximum noradrenaline (NA) concentration occurred after ten sprints in the men (31.6±10.9 nmol·l^–1) and after five sprints in the women (27.4 ± 20.8 nmol · l^–1). Plasma cardiodilatin (CDN) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations were elevated in response to the exercise. The peak ANP concentration occurred immediately postexercise and the response of the women (10.8 ± 4.5 pmol · l^–1 was greater than that of the men (5.1 ± 2.6 pmol · l^–1,P<0.05). The peak CDN concentrations were 163 ± 61 pmol · l^–1 for the women and 135 ± 61 pmol · l^–1 for the men. No increases in calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were detected in response to the exercise. These results indicate differences between men and women in performance and hormonal responses. There was no evidence for a role of CGRP in the control of the cardiovascular system after brief intermittent maximal exercise.     

PULMONARY ADENOMA AND ENDOCRINE CELL HYPERPLASIA IN SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTER TREATED WITH 4-NITROQUINOLINE 1-OXIDE

Chronic effects of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4 NQO) on the lungs of Syrian golden hamsters were studied. 4 NQO was subcutaneously injected weekly for 3 weeks at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. The animals were sacrificed at the 65th and 80th experimental weeks. Two cases of pulmonary adenomas were demonstrated in the 10 4 NQO-treated animals at the 80th week, and the tumor cells contained cytoplasmic lamellar inclusion bodies. In a previous study, we reported 4 NQO- induced pulmonary endocrine cell hyperplasias in the 4 NQO-treated hamster after the 20th experimental week (Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 77,1986). In the present study, 12 pulmonary endocrine cell hyperplasias were recognized in serial sections of the 24 treated animals. The hyperplastic lesions showed positive immunoreactivity to calcitonin. The hyperplastic lesion did not develop to pulmonary endocrine cell neoplasm. ACTA PATHOL JPN 38 : 1097∼1104, 1988.     

Cystometric changes in the early phase of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: evidence for sensory changes not correlated to diabetic neuropathy

Summary 1. The effect of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes on rat urinary bladder function was investigated by means of in vivo cystometry and in vitro recording of bladder strips contractility. A group of sucrose-fed animals was included to determine to what extent the STZ-induced changes were ascribable to the increased diuresis. 2. After 7–9 weeks from STZ injection there was a marked increase in weight of bladder and ureters. Cystometry revealed a marked increase in bladder capacity (volume threshold) although pressure threshold and amplitude of micturition contraction were unaffected. Sucrose-fed animals, having normal blood glucose levels but a similar increase in urine production exhibited cystometric changes identical to those of STZ animals. 3. In vitro experiments indicated that the response to field stimulation (0.1–20 Hz) is reduced in STZ-pretreated but increased in sucrose-fed animals, as compared to controls. 4. The content of urinary bladder and ureters in sensory neuropeptides (substance-P, neurokinin-A and calcitonin-gene related peptide-like immunoreactivity) was increased by STZ diabetes when values were corrected for the increased weight of these organs. 5. The capsaicin-induced contraction of the rat isolated bladder strips, presumably caused by neuropeptides released from intramural sensory nerves, is unaffected by STZ diabetes. 6. These findings indicate that STZ diabetes produces, at an early stage, changes similar to those reported to occur in the human disease, e. g. a greater bladder capacity with unimpaired voiding function. The increased bladder capacity of STZ-rats seems largely, if not solely, ascribable to changes in physical properties of the detrusor muscle, thereby allowing accomodation of greater than normal volumes with similar increase of intraluminal pressure. No sign of diabetic neuropathy of the capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves can be observed at this stage (7–9 weeks) of STZ diabetes. Send offprint requests to P. Santicioli at the above address     

游泳训练大鼠血浆生物活性肽含量的变化及意义

目的研究运动性心肌肥大形成中血浆生物活性肽的含量及意义.方法wistar大鼠分为运动训练组和对照组,NPY、CGRP、ET和ANP用放射免疫方法测定,血压和心率用八道生理记录仪记录.结果(1)运动组大鼠游泳训练8周后,心脏系数比对照组增加36.8%(P＜0.05),而收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压和心率与对照组无差异(P＞0.05);(2)运动组心肌肥大大鼠血浆NPY均比照组降低88%(P＜0.01);(3)运动组心肌肥大大鼠血浆CGRP比对照组升高31%(P＜0.01);(4)运动组血浆ET和ANP浓度与对照组无差异.结论运动性心肌肥大形成中血浆的CGRP、NPY含量变化不同,提示CGRP和NPY对运动性心肌肥大的形成可能有重要作用.     

脑梗死患者血浆神经肽Y、降钙素基因相关肽、神经降压素、胃动素动态变化及其临床意义

观察脑梗死(CI)患者神经肽Y(NPY)、神经降压素(NT)、胃动素(MTL)、降钙素基因 相关肽(CGRP)浓度变化及其临床意义。方法选择C162例,用放免法检测血浆NPY、NT、MTL与CGRP浓度。结果NPY、NT与MTL浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.0001);于发病后24h内显著升高,7d内达高峰,8～15d开始下降,15d后仍在较高水平。NPY浓度重型与大灶组显著高于轻型(P<0.05)与小灶组(P<0.01);发病积分≥6分组显著高于<6分组(P<0.05);高血压组显著高于正常血压组(P<0.05)。NT与MTL浓度重型组显著高于中(P<0.05)、轻型组(P<0.01);高血糖组显著高于正常血糖组(P<O.01)。CGRP浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.0001),发病24h内即显著降低,2～7d进一步降低,8～15d开始升高,15d后逐渐升至正常水平。重型与大灶组显著高于轻型(P<0.0001)、中型(P<0.01)与小灶组(P<0.01);伴发病积分≥6分组显著低于<6分组(P<0.05)。结论CI患者NPY、NT、MTL、CGRP浓度变化以7d内最显著,15d后逐渐恢复正常水平;四种浓度监测可作为判断CI患者病情严重程度、病灶大小及伴发病的实验室指标。     

先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压患儿血浆神经肽Y、降钙素基因相关肽的研究

目的研究降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、神经肽Y(NPY)与先心病肺高压的关系,分析两者是否具有相关性.方法采用放射免疫法测定80例先天性心脏病(13例非肺高压,67例肺高压)血清NPY、CGRP的浓度,比较两组间不同采血部位及手术前后水平变化.结果血浆NPY及CGRP浓度非肺高压组与轻、中、重度肺高压组均存在显著性差异;手术前后轻、中度肺高压组存在显著性差异,而重度肺高压组差异不明显;NPY与CGRP存在负相关关系.结论NPY及CGRP在先天性心脏病肺动脉高压的发生机制中有重要的作用,NPY/CGRP比值可作为估测肺动脉压力和判断先心病预后的重要指标.     

The renal nerves in the newborn rat

Immunocytochemical methods were used to investigate the distribution of afferent [calcitonin gene-related peptide-(CGRP) immunoreactive and substance P-immunoreactive] nerves and efferent (neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive and dopamine -hydroxylase-immunoreactive) nerves in the kidneys of rats within the 1st day of life. The newborn rat kidney possesses an afferent and efferent innervation. Both afferent and efferent nerves reach the kidney in the same bundles. The afferent sensory fibers predominate overwhelmingly in the renal pelvis and ureter while the efferent fibers clearly predominate in the vasculature. The corticomedullary connective tissue contains both types of innervation with a more prominent afferent innervation (CGRP immunoreactive). Only afferent arterioles of perihilar nephrons were innervated by efferent sympathetic fibers. The distribution and extent of afferent and efferent innervation is consistent with the renal nerves playing a significant role in the transition from fetal to newborn life. The close proximity between afferent and efferent fibers suggests a possible interaction between the two systems.     

Effects of capsaicin,tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and bradykinin in the pig iris sphincter muscle

Summary Capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons of the rabbit iris, by releasing tachykinins, exert a major role in the control of pupil motility in response to various noxious stimuli. However, the contribution of sensory innervation to the regulation of iris smooth muscle tone in other mammals species is not known. We have studied the effects produced by electrical field stimulation, capsaicin, substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and bradykinin in the isolated iris sphincter muscle of the pig.Capsaicin (10 M): a) contracted the isolated sphincter muscle and; b) released immunoreactivity for substance P (SP-LI) and CGRP (CGRP-LI) from this preparation. These two effects were no longer observed at the second exposure to the drug. Electrical field stimulation (10 Hz, 60 V, 0.5 ms for 5 s) produced a biphasic contractile response. The rapid component was inhibited by atropine (1 M), while the delayed response was blocked by previous exposure to capsaicin (10 M).Substance P and neurokinin A consistently produced contraction of the pig iris sphincter muscle, substance P being more potent than neurokinin A. CGRP induced a contractile response in more than 50% of the preparations. The tachykinin antagonist [D-Argl, D-Trp^7,9, Leu¹¹-substance P (3 M) blocked: a) the effect of substance P (1 nM); b) the delayed response to electrical field stimulation and; c) reduced by more than 50% response to capsaicin. Bradykinin (10 M) failed to release either SP-LI or CGRP-LI. The contractile response evoked by bradykinin was unaffected by in vitro pretreatment with capsaicin (10 M).The existence in the pig iris of capsaicin-sensitive sensory fibres releasing neuropeptides and thus regulating sphincter muscle tone is proposed. Send offprint requests to Dr. P. Geppetti at the above address     

川芎嗪对肾小球疾病患者血浆内皮素和降钙素基因相关肽的影响

目的：通过研究川芎嗪（tetramethyl pyrazine,TMP）对肾泪示疾病血浆内皮素（endothelin-1,ET-1）和降钙素基因相关肽（calcitonin gene related peptide,CGRP)的影响,探讨川芎嗪改善肾脏血液循环,保护肾功能的机理。方法：对肾小球疾病病例在同等治疗基础上,治疗组加用川芎嗪,对照组不用川芎嗪,分别检测两组病人治疗前和治疗后血浆中ET－1和CGRP含量。结果：治疗组治疗后与治疗前比较血浆中的ET－1下降和CGRP上升,均有特别显著性差异;对照组治疗前后比较,血浆中ET－1下降和CGRP上升,显著性差异。结论：川芎嗪治疗肾小球疾病可能是通过减少内皮细胞ET－1的产生和促进CGRP的生成,改善肾脏血液循环,对肾功能起保护作用。     

体外循环围术期血浆降钙素基因相关肽变化的研究

目的 研究体外循环围术期血浆降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）的变化规律。方法 １．建立猪体外循环心肌缺血再灌注模型１２例,应用放射免疫法分别于体外循环前后６个时间点测定冠状静脉血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量,并同时记录心率、血压、左室收缩和舒张末压;２．应用放射免疫法分别对３６例先天性心脏病心内直视手术患者在体外循环前后７个时间点测定其冠头静脉血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量,结果 冠状静脉血浆ＣＧＲＰ;含量在体外循环开始后与体外