Organic manic disorders

Using specified criteria, Krauthammer and Kierman's review of the literature for causes for manic symptoms found cases of secondary mania owing to drugs, infection, neoplasm, epilepsy, and metabolic disturbances. We reviewed publications subsequent to their 1978 report for additional cases of secondary mania occurring in the absence of delirium and of prior affective illness. Our review reemphasizes the importance of the medical and neurologic history and examination, of a medication history, and of appropriate laboratory studies (electrolytes, thyroid function, syphilis serology) in evaluating manic patients for underlying medical conditions. Attention to the diagnosis of secondary mania is especially important in patients presenting with a first episode in later life and with a negative family history for mania.     

Communication of suicidal intent and suicide in unipolar depression. A forty year follow-up.

Two hundred and 25 unipolar depressives hospitalized during the 1930's were classified on the basis of documented communication of suicidal intent. A long term follow-up revealed 15 of the former patients had died by suicide. Communicated suicidal intent was documented in the index hospital record of all 15. The presence of communicated intent may distinguish a group of unipolar depressives at risk for suicide from those not at risk.     

Clinical variability in congenital fiber type disproportion

Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion (CFTD) has recently been described as a consistent and stereotyped clinicopathological entity, including congenital non-progressive hypotonia and weakness, contractures, kyphoscoliosis, high arched palate, dislocated hips, short stature, and feet deformities. Our personal experience with this condition suggests a wider disparity in the physical appearance and associated abnormalities of affected individuals than the well-defined clinical syndrome previously described. We are presenting 5 cases, including 2 siblings, whose muscle biopsies satisfy the major histological and statistical criteria for the diagnosis. Although each child clearly had hypotonia and weakness consistent with a congenital myopathy, only 3 had a sufficient number of other similarities to establish the diagnosis clinically. The clinical spectrum of the other cases ranged from one infant whose only abnormality was mild hypotonia in the legs to another whose problems included severe motor impairment, marked mental retardation, growth failure, frontal bossing, abnormal hair, and scoliosis. Even in retrospect, the diagnosis of CFTD could not have been supported on clinical grounds alone. Therefore, CFTD is a congenital myopathy whose diagnosis can be made only by muscle biopsy, rather than a distinct syndrome whose diagnosis can be assumed on the basis of clinical characteristics alone.     

Neurogenic Respiratory Failure: A 5-Year Experience Using Implantable Phrenic Nerve Stimulators

During the past 5 years, 20 phrenic nerve stimulators have been implanted in 11 patients who were ventilator dependent because of neurogenic respiratory failure. Ten patients had traumatic spinal cord lesions; the remaining patient suffered from a progressive demyelinating disease. There was no operative mortality. Complications included 1 stimulator malfunction and 1 pneumothorax. In spite of adjacent tracheostomies, there were no infections or wound complications. Of the 20 stimulators implanted, 13 initially produced good diaphragmatic function, 2 had fair function, and 5 had little or no function. Three patients became completely independent of their ventilators; 6 became partially independent, thus simplifying nursing care. There were no late complications. As of December, 1979, 7 patients had benefited or were continuing to benefit from phrenic nerve stimulation.     

Evacuation of Calcific Valvular Debris Using a Standard Ellik Evacuator

A simple but effective technique is described for removing calcific and other debris following aortic and mitral valve replacement. This technique uses an Ellik evacuator, which is readily available in most operating rooms. An 11-year experience is presented, documenting the efficacy of this method in several hospitals.     

Rapid treatment of nocturnal anxiety in children

Night fears and sleeplessness in three children of varying ages arose from an initial anxious reaction to a realistic stimulus combined with its subsequent reinforcement because of its avoidance properties and of parental attention. Treatment using incompatible response training based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition and self-paced exposure along with operant reinforcement of appropriate sleep behavior was associated with the elimination of problem behavior within three or four sessions for all three children. Extended follow-up revealed maintenance of therapeutic gains accompanied by improvement in other areas of psychological functioning.     

An examination of the relevance of the individual differences (a-trait) formulation of the tension-reduction theory to the etiology of alcohol abuse in young males

An 11-item factor labeled Emotional Tension was recently located within a pool of 24 items which had been found to differentiate both adult male alcoholics and nonsubstance- abusing adult male psychiatric outpatients from putatively normal male adults and college students in a highly significant fashion. The item-unit-weighted scores on this factor of the following five male samples were compared: young alcohol offenders, adult outpatient alcoholics, young and adult nonsubstance-abusing psychiatric outpatients, and an unselected run of college students. While the scores of the young nonsubstance-abusing psychiatric outpatients were found to be indistinguishable from those of both adult patient groups, the scores of the young alcohol offenders were indistinguishable from those of college students. Scores on a similarly located, 11-item factor of Depression yielded identical results.