The effect of surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion on sleep architecture: an exploratory risk study in healthy young adults

Maxillary transverse deficiencies (MTD) cause malocclusions. Rapid maxillary expansion treatment is commonly used treatment for correcting such deficiencies and has been found to be effective in improving respiration and sleep architecture in children with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, thus far, the effect of surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) treatment on sleep architecture and breathing of normal subjects has not been assessed. We hypothesised that sleep quality will improve after maxillary expansion treatment. The objective of this study is to access the effect of maxillary expansion treatment on sleep structure and respiratory functions in healthy young adults with severe MTD. This is a prospective and exploratory clinical study. Twenty‐eight consecutive young adult patients (15 males and 13 females, mean age 20·6 ± 5·8 years) presenting with severe MTD at the orthodontic examination were recruited into the study. All the participants underwent a standardised SARME procedure (mean expansion 6·5 ± 1·8 and 8·2 ± 1·8 mm, intercanine and intermolar distance, respectively) to correct malocclusion caused by MTD. An overnight in‐laboratory polysomnography, before and after the treatment, was performed. The mean follow‐up time was 9 months. The main outcome parameters were the changes in sleep architecture, including sleep stages, arousals, slow‐wave activity (SWA) and respiratory variables. Before surgery, young adult patients with MTD presented no evidence of sleep breathing problems. At baseline sleep recording, 7 of 28 (25%) had apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥ 5 events per hour. No negative effect of the SARME was observed in questionnaires or sleep laboratory parameters. In the patients with a higher baseline AHI (AHI ≥ 5 h of sleep), we observed a reduction in AHI after surgical treatment (P = 0·028). SARME did not have a negative effect on any sleep or respiration parameters in healthy young individuals with MTD. It normalised the breathing index in the patients with a mild AHI index.     

How to use noninvasive positive airway pressure device data reports to guide clinical care

There has been a significant increase in the past few decades in the number of children receiving noninvasive positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy at home. At present, PAP therapy can be successfully used in children of all ages, for a variety of indications. Data acquired from PAP devices is clinically useful, providing objective information regarding adherence, leak, and efficacy of PAP therapy. However, guidelines outlining a standardized approach to interpretation of PAP device data in pediatrics is currently lacking. Given the rapidly expanding use of PAP therapy in pediatric practice, we aim to provide an overview of the interpretation of data reports, otherwise called “data downloads,” from PAP devices and illustrate how they can be used to guide clinical care.     

院前急救使用气管插管和球囊面罩的效果对比

目的探究在院前心脏停搏患者应用气管插管和球囊辅助呼吸进行急救的效果。方法选自本院2010年²012年进行院前急救的心脏停搏患者共50例,以随机的方式分为对照组与观察组,每组各有患者25例。对照组患者接受气管插管辅助呼吸,观察组患者接受球囊人工通气治疗。对比2组患者的各项临床指标。结果相对于对照组患者,观察组患者在建立通气时间方面有显著优越性,二者对比具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余各项临床指标对比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对心脏停搏患者进行院前急救的时候,应用球囊或者气管插管的急救方法,在临床效果对比方面相似,但是球囊辅助呼吸建立通气的时间要比气管插管短很多。     

全凭静脉麻醉下保留自主呼吸行胸腔镜手术的安全性评估

目的：观察保留自主呼吸全凭静脉麻醉对胸腔镜手术围术期机体生理变化的影响，并进一步探讨其有效性及安全性。方法：2016年5—11月择期行胸腔镜手术患者64例，随机分为自主呼吸全麻组（40例）及气管插管全麻组（24例）。自主呼吸全麻组以右美托咪定、舒芬太尼、丙泊酚静脉诱导，以右美托咪定、瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚辅以术侧胸腔镜下肋间神经及胸内迷走神经阻滞进行术中维持麻醉。观察并记录术前、开胸前、开胸时、开胸后15 min、开胸后30 min、关胸前、关胸后30 min、关胸后60 min等时间点的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、呼吸频率（RR）、指脉氧饱和度（SPO2）、脑电双频谱指数（BIS）以及相应时间点动脉血酸碱度（pH）、二氧化碳分压（PCO2）、氧分压（PO2）、氧合指数、剩余碱（BE）、碳酸氢根（HCO3-）、二氧化碳总量（TCO2）、电解质等指标的变化，并进一步观察探讨其与气管插管全麻组患者在术前麻醉、拔管呛咳、呕吐、复苏室停留时间、咽喉痛、肺部感染及总住院天数等方面是否有差异。结果：自主呼吸全麻组患者HR、RR、MAP开胸前较术前有所下降（P < 0.05），RR在开胸后30 min、关胸前时间点较开胸前有所增加（P < 0.05）。开胸时MAP较开胸前进一步下降（P < 0.05），于开胸后15 min、开胸后30 min、关胸前时间点逐渐上升，与开胸前时间点比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。SPO2在开胸后15 min、开胸后30 min相比开胸前有所降低（P < 0.05），在关胸后30 min、关胸后60 min恢复到术前水平（P＞0.05）。pH、PO2、氧合指数在开胸后30 min及关胸前较开胸前降低（P < 0.05），PCO2在开胸30 min、关胸前较开胸前升高（P < 0.05），PO2、氧合指数在关胸后30 min时恢复到开胸前水平（P＞0.05），pH、PCO2在关胸后60 min时恢复到开胸前水平（P＞0.05）。BE在关胸后30 min较开胸前降低（P < 0.05）。HCO3-、TCO2、Na+、K+、iCa2+、Glu、Hb等指标各时间点无明显差异。此外自主呼吸全麻组在术前麻醉时间、复苏室停留时间、拔管呛咳及咽喉痛的发生率均低于气管插管全麻组（P < 0.05）。结论：自主呼吸全凭静脉麻醉行胸腔镜手术安全可行，患者生理指标在可接受范围内发生变化，且在关胸后短时间内恢复。     

Perinatal risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether specific perinatal factors are associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children.MethodsA retrospective case–control study was conducted. All cases of OSAS were obtained from a tertiary pediatric hospital between April 2013 and April 2016. A total of 823 children who had been diagnosed with OSAS were designated as the case group, and 823 children without OSAS were selected with strict criteria to match with the case group by age, gender and body mass index. Logistic regression models were used to determine the perinatal factors associated with childhood OSAS.ResultsPreterm birth (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–3.08) and cesarean section (aOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03–1.68) were significantly associated with OSAS. Exposure of the mother to smoke (aOR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.57–4.26) was also associated with an increased risk of childhood OSAS. Mothers aged 35 years and above, performing manual labor, and living in suburban areas significantly increased the risk of childhood OSAS. Multiparous mothers decreased the risk of childhood OSAS (aOR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.42–0.83). Maternal education, gravidity, prenatal care times, pregnancy-induced hypertension, multiple pregnancies, sex of the child and birth weight were not significantly associated with OSAS in children.ConclusionPerinatal risk factors are important for predicting childhood OSAS. Our findings provide evidence regarding several potentially useful factors for recognizing OSAS in children, which could be important in diagnosis of pediatric OSAS by physicians.     

Participatory action inquiry using baccalaureate nursing students: The inclusion of integrative health care modalities in nursing core curriculum

Nurses, nursing educators and students support the inclusion of integrative health care (IHC) into nursing core curriculum as a way to create nurses who deliver nursing care to the full extent of their scope of practice and advance evidenced based IHC. Because of the holistic nature of IHC modalities, research to investigate appropriate teaching strategies and potential efficacy of learning IHC in the baccalaureate core curriculum requires a holistic approach. Therefore a phenomenological exploration using participatory action inquiry was conducted at a large Midwestern university. Eighteen first year nursing students were selected as co-researchers. Their experiences in learning and delivering three 15 min IHC interventions (foot reflexology, lavender aromatherapy and mindful breathing) in an acute care setting were captured using reflexive journaling and participation in structured and organic communicative spaces. Of the patients approached, 67% accepted to receive one or more IHC modalities (147/219). Using van Manen's model for holistic data reduction three themes emerged: The experience of presence, competency and unexpected results. Learning IHC modalities is best supported by a self-reflective process that is constructed and modeled by a nurse faculty member with experience in delivering IHC modalities.     

Phenotypes of sleep-disordered breathing symptoms to two years of age based on age of onset and duration of symptoms

ObjectiveChildhood sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) symptoms may comprise multiple phenotypes depending on craniofacial anatomy, tonsil and adenoid growth, body habitus, and rhinitis symptoms. The primary objective of this study is to identify and characterize the different SDB phenotypes to two years of age.MethodsData from 770 infants in the Edmonton sub-cohort of the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Study (CHILD) were analyzed to identify SDB phenotypes based on age of onset and duration of symptoms. Parents completed the 22-item sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) scale. Children with a SRBD ratio greater than 0.33 were considered positive for SDB at each quarterly assessment between three months and two years. The STATA Proc trajectory extension identified SDB phenotypes based on their age of onset and duration of symptoms and attributed the percentage chance of a participant being assigned to each phenotype. Multivariate linear regression identified factors associated with increased risk of being assigned to each SDB phenotype.ResultsTrajectory analysis identified four phenotypes: no SDB (65.7%), early-onset SDB (15.7%) with peak symptoms at nine months, late-onset SDB (14.2%) with peak symptoms at 18 months, and persistent SDB (5.3%) with symptoms from 3 to 24 months. Rhinitis was associated with all three SDB symptom trajectories (p < 0.05). Children with gastroesophageal reflux disease presented with early (p = 0.03) and late SDB (p < 0.001). Maternal obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was associated with persistent (p = 0.01) and late SDB (p < 0.001). Atopy (positive skin prick test at one year) was associated with persistent SDB (p = 0.04). Infants born prior to 36.5 weeks gestational age were more likely to present with late SDB (p = 0.03).ConclusionChildhood SDB symptoms, rather than being a homogenous disorder, may comprise multiple overlapping phenotypes each with unique risk factors.